Femoral head necrosis is a common disease in orthopedics. It is a kind of ischemic lesion with special destructive effects on the hip joint, with a long course and high disability rate, seriously endangering people’s health, and is one of the more difficult problems in the field of orthopedics. It is still too early to perform artificial joint replacement for early femoral head necrosis in adults, so how to effectively treat adult femoral head necrosis, prevent further development of the disease, protect the femoral head, and delay the operation time of hip replacement is an issue of concern. In the past decade, with the continuous research on adult femoral head necrosis and the application of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell technology, the effect of treating adult femoral head necrosis has been significantly improved. The former mainly includes femoral neck fracture, femoral head fracture, acetabular fracture, hip dislocation and so on. The causes of the latter are complex, with more than 40 kinds of causative factors, mainly hormonal, fat metabolism disorders, connective tissue diseases, medullary dysplasia, hematologic diseases, arterial diseases, gout and hyperuricemia, diabetes, osteoporosis, radiation, decompression sickness, chronic liver disease, etc. In recent years, due to the increasing pace of social life and work, traffic accidents and alcoholism have also increased, and the number of patients with traumatic, hormonal and alcoholic osteonecrosis of the femoral head has increased significantly. Treatment of femoral head necrosis: from drug therapy, stem cell transplantation, hip arthroscopy, medullary core decompression, bone grafting to total hip replacement.