Kyphosis, commonly referred to as hunchback, is a convexity of the spine to the rear, causing the back to bulge and can produce a forward tilt of the trunk. Generally, the normal thoracic vertebrae kyphosis angle is between 20o-45o, and kyphosis is diagnosed when the thoracic vertebrae kyphosis angle is greater than 50o on x-ray. This deformity can be congenital or can arise later in life, such as: trauma, tuberculosis, neuromuscular abnormalities, Hewman’s disease, metabolic disease (e.g., osteoporosis), or poor posture. Clinical manifestations of kyphosis: asymmetrical shoulders, head protruding more forward than the rest of the body, abnormal height of the back when bending forward, and muscle tension in the back of the thighs. Some patients develop low back pain, nerve symptoms in the lower extremities and abnormal urination and defecation. Patients may also present with impaired cardiopulmonary function. Diagnosis of kyphosis: In addition to the present medical history and cosmetic examination and neurological examination, attention should be paid to the patient’s development, perinatal conditions, family history, and other concomitant diseases. X-rays are the most important test to measure the angle of the kyphosis and to determine the surgical approach. The most commonly used is a standing full spine front and side view. It is also important to look at the balance of forces in the overall spine. 2. CT: A cross-sectional scan of the spine with sagittal, coronal and three-dimensional reconstruction can be performed to carefully observe the bone quality of the spine, the characteristics of deformity changes, and the direction of vertebral segmental tilt and rotation, providing important assistance in the selection of the surgical approach and intraoperative operations. For severe deformities, CT data can also be used to create a large body model for visual evaluation of the deformity. 3, MRI: meticulous observation of the tissue surrounding the spine, especially the spinal cord and nerve roots for deformity and compression, to determine the surgical approach. 4.Bone scan: This test is sometimes required to rule out possible infectious and neoplastic diseases. Treatment modalities include observation, bracing, physical therapy, medication and surgery. The choice of treatment modality requires reference to the patient’s age, physical condition, nature and severity of the posterior convexity, tolerance to the chosen treatment modality, prognosis and expected outcome: 1. Observation and periodic review: The progression of the deformity depends on its nature, location, extent, and skeletal maturity. In adult patients, the progression of the deformity tends to slow down in late adolescence. 2.Bracing: For patients who are still in the growth stage, bracing may be required, and a doctor will decide the specific way and time to use it. 3, physical therapy: may play a role in relieving symptoms, but is often ineffective in stopping the progression of the deformity. 4.Surgical treatment is needed for obvious kyphosis, for those with rapid progression, with significant pain or with significant neurological symptoms.