Neonatal ischemic-hypoxic encephalopathy is a disease of the brain caused by hypoxia that occurs in the brain tissue of the infant during the perinatal period. The causes of ischemic-hypoxic encephalopathy are commonly caused by intrauterine distress, neonatal asphyxia, and other hypoxic disorders. Clinically, ischemic-hypoxic encephalopathy in children can take the form of intracranial hemorrhage, with a higher incidence in younger children. The most common site of intracranial hemorrhage in infants is the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia, which can easily break into the lateral ventricles and lead to recurrent convulsions in severe cases. In mild cases, ischemic-hypoxic encephalopathy is characterized by excitement, irritability, and tremors of the limbs and increased muscle tone. In moderately severe cases, the child may be drowsy, have decreased muscle tone, be unresponsive, and have convulsions. To prevent ischemic-hypoxic encephalopathy, special attention should be paid to the presence of the fetal umbilical cord at the time of delivery, the severity of hypertension, the presence of anemia, and the presence of a prolapsed umbilical cord. All these factors may lead to neonatal asphyxia and neonatal ischemic-hypoxic encephalopathy. Therefore, obstetricians should be highly aware of the possibility of neonatal ischemic-hypoxic encephalopathy if these diseases are detected.