Diabetes mellitus in children is more common in type 1 diabetes and less common in type 2 diabetes, which is usually incurable in type 1 diabetes and potentially curable in type 2 diabetes. At present, the etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM) are not completely clear, and treatment still lacks effective etiologic therapy to cure the disease. Existing treatments are mainly aimed at achieving glycemic control, preventing complications, and improving quality of life. Currently, the immediate goals of DM treatment are to control hyperglycemia and related metabolic disorders, to eliminate symptoms as much as possible, and to prevent the occurrence of acute severe metabolic disorders (such as diabetic ketoacidosis). The long-term goals of DM treatment are: to prevent and/or delay the occurrence and development of chronic complications of DM, to maintain the patient’s health and ability to learn and work, to ensure the growth and development of children with DM, to improve the quality of life of patients with DM, to reduce the morbidity and mortality rate of patients, and to prolong life. For children with diabetes mellitus, they should be monitored regularly, pay attention to their lifestyle, and follow the doctor’s instructions for standardized treatment.