Xiao Liu, 35 years old, has been a hepatitis B virus carrier for more than 10 years. In recent days, he found a large mass in his upper left abdomen and suspected a tumor, so he went to an internist urgently. After examination, the doctor told him that he was suffering from cirrhotic portal hypertension. He was told that he was suffering from cirrhotic portal hypertension. The left upper abdomen was not a tumor, but an enlarged spleen. He was advised to seek a surgeon to remove the spleen to correct the hypersplenism. It was only then that he realized that cirrhosis of the liver also required surgical treatment. In fact, cases like Xiao Liu’s are not uncommon. Cirrhosis is a common disease in China, and chronic hepatitis virus (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, etc.) infection, schistosomiasis infection and long-term alcohol abuse can lead to cirrhosis. There is no specific treatment for cirrhosis, mainly relying on liver protection and antiviral treatment, and there are no effective drugs for anti-fibrosis. As cirrhosis progresses, about 2/3 or more of patients will have complications of portal hypertension. What is portal hypertension? It is mainly a series of syndromes caused by the increased resistance to portal blood flow into the liver and the appearance of elevated portal pressure after cirrhosis. The main manifestations are: 1, esophagogastric fundic varices, about 1/3 of patients can have variceal rupture leading to gastrointestinal hemorrhage, the morbidity and mortality rate can be more than 1/3, and about 1/3 patients will have recurrent bleeding, and the morbidity and mortality rate will be higher after re-bleeding. In the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang was “three times angry with Zhou Yu”, causing him to die by spurting blood from his mouth. It is proved that because the Yangtze River basin was a schistosomiasis epidemic area, Zhou Yu probably suffered from schistosomal cirrhosis complicated by portal hypertension, which led to hemorrhage from ruptured varices in the fundus of the esophagus. It can be seen that ruptured esophageal varices and hemorrhage is a clinical critical condition. 2, splenomegaly, hypersplenism, the spleen will undergo significant fibroplasia and enlargement, which can reach more than tens of times normal. Due to the increased destruction of the spleen and the reduction of peripheral blood cells, gum bleeding, subcutaneous bruising and other symptoms of coagulation dysfunction may occur; 3, ascites, advanced cirrhosis appears a large amount of ascites, which can not be handled, can be treated by abdominal vein diversion. What is surgical treatment? The main purpose of surgical treatment is to treat and prevent gastrointestinal hemorrhage, correct hypersplenism and treat intractable ascites. The most widely used and practical treatment for GI bleeding is the peripancreatic vascular dissection advocated by academician Qiu Fazu, a leading surgeon in China, which has a better hemostatic effect and a low rebleeding rate. Restrictive portal shunt and distal splenorenal shunt also have good results. Rebleeding can also be treated with transendoscopic ligation, sclerotherapy injection, and interventional embolization. Removal of the spleen can fundamentally relieve hypersplenism, but very few patients with chronic hepatitis B have myeloproliferative disorders and removal of the spleen does not bring the blood cells to normal, although it is still effective after removal of the spleen. Ascites treatment is mostly done by intravenous diversion. Liver transplantation is often required in end-stage liver disease.