In 1990, Bracken used a meta-analysis to assess the risk of congenital malformations in the offspring of women who delivered after misuse of the pill in early pregnancy, and analyzed congenital heart defects and short limb defects separately. This suggests that there is no correlation between the use of contraceptives in early pregnancy and physical defects in newborns. In 2009, N?rgaard et al. conducted a case-control study of the association between maternal use of the pill early in pregnancy and the risk of hypospadias in male infants, using Danish national medical data, in which all cases of hypospadias diagnosed postnatally (n=1,683) were selected among male infants born alive between January 1996 and December 2005. Ten cases without hypospadias were randomly selected as controls among infants of comparable age (n=15,650), and the results of the study did not increase the risk of hypospadias in male infants taking the pill early in pregnancy. In 2008, Jellesen et al. studied the relationship between contraceptive use during pregnancy and fetal mortality in a cohort of 92,719 pregnant women in Denmark from 1996 to 2002 and showed that contraceptive use during pregnancy did not increase the risk of fetal death (HR=1.01, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.45). The use of contraceptive pills before and during pregnancy was not associated with increased fetal mortality. In conclusion, contraceptive pills taken before or during pregnancy do not increase the risk of fetal physical defects or death.