Congenital cataract is a common eye disease in children, which refers to clouding of the lens that is present before or after birth, or develops gradually after birth. Parents often visit the ophthalmologist because they notice white spots on the black eye of their child. Because congenital cataracts are often difficult to detect and diagnose at birth, congenital cataracts are sometimes called infantile cataracts. Congenital cataracts are an important cause of blindness and amblyopia in children, and because of their early onset, their damage to vision is much more severe than that of senile cataracts, and if not treated promptly, children can lose their vision at an early age and become disabled for life. The prevalence of congenital cataracts among newborns is about 0.5%. Congenital cataracts are caused by congenital genetic or developmental disorders, and can be familial or disseminated; they can develop in one or both eyes; they can be accompanied by other ocular abnormalities or other congenital abnormalities of the body, or they can only show a single abnormality of lens clouding. In infants and children with congenital cataracts, the normal development of vision is affected and they are prone to form deprivation amblyopia, so their treatment is different from that of adults. Complete cataracts in one or both eyes or cataracts located in the center of the visual axis with significant clouding should be operated early after birth, no later than 6 months. For bilateral cataracts, surgery is completed in both eyes at the same time during a single hospitalization. The most commonly used surgical procedure is cataract ultrasound-emulsification extracapsular extraction combined with anterior segment vitrectomy. Because the visual system of infants and children has certain special characteristics, including the eye is still developing, the refractive status is unstable, it may be accompanied by amblyopia, and the postoperative inflammatory response is relatively heavy, etc. These characteristics increase the complexity and risk of IOL implantation after congenital cataract surgery, and more scholars suggest that children with bilateral cataract can be implanted with IOLs after 2 weeks of age, while monocular cataract should be implanted with IOLs as soon as possible. The lens should be implanted as soon as possible. In addition, postoperative measures should be taken to prevent and actively treat amblyopia.