The causes of myopia are.
I. Genetics.
Genetic factors play an important role in the occurrence and development of myopia, and the vast majority of myopia occurs on the basis of genetic factors influenced by the environment. Only a few congenital myopia is mainly determined by genetic factors, the number of these people is small, accounting for about 5% of the total number of myopia, myopia is often very high. High myopia is inherited autosomal recessively. According to the law of autosomal recessive inheritance, if both parents are highly myopic, 100% of their children are highly myopic.
II. Environmental factors.
This refers to non-genetic, acquired factors that can cause myopia to occur. The main specific is the excessive use of eyes at close range and improper eye hygiene caused by.
1, the eye in the normal development process, the first visual must be normal external light stimulation, otherwise, the loss of normal visual stimulation, easy to cause eye axis elongation myopia.
2, prolonged close eye use: prolonged close eye use often causes the ciliary muscle to spasm and lose its normal flexibility, and cannot fully relax when looking at the distance, that is, the formation of pseudomyopia. If the long-term development, the pressure of the extraocular muscles on the eye and the change in intraocular pressure makes the eye axis longer, then it becomes true myopia.
3, poor learning environment factors: in too strong and too weak light to read and write, unfit tables and chairs, and unhealthy body, etc..
4, improper method of watching TV: the distance of watching TV should be 5-6 times the diagonal length of the screen is appropriate; TV screen and eyes are best parallel or slightly lower than the eyes; TV brightness should be moderate, not too bright or too dark, after watching TV should do Mindy Jianming exercise (eye exercises), or go outdoors for a few moments, watch TV for more than 1 hour
Third, dietary factors.
During the growth and development of the eye, an unreasonable dietary structure or lack of certain important nutrients can induce the occurrence and development of myopia. Myopia can be induced by unreasonable dietary structure, such as excessive consumption of sugar. Insufficient protein and vitamin intake, as well as vitamin A, VB2, and VB1 deficiency can also be predisposing factors for the formation of myopia during the development of adolescents.
IV. Other factors.
1, the impact of intrauterine period: maternal health and maternal health, and fetal myopia also have a relationship. If the mother suffers from pregnancy blood disorder, influenza, urticaria, alcoholism or premature birth, it can lead to fetal myopia.
2, the influence of physical factors: physical factors and adolescent myopia also have a close relationship, if the body of adolescents with poor physical foundation, or suffer from acute and chronic infectious diseases, such as measles, high fever, smallpox, pneumonia or malnutrition, weakness, can trigger myopia and promote the development of myopia deepening.
The danger of high myopia is that high myopia can lead to vitreous clouding, retinal hemorrhage and detachment, which can cause blindness.
How to prevent myopia.
Pay attention to eye care. Myopia prevention should begin at an early age, when children are of school age. Prevention by society: In today’s society, schools and parents expect too much from their children, and knowledge is updated quickly, so many unreasonable and extra burdens are added to students, which leads to a higher chance of myopia. So first of all, social support is needed to make the child’s eye development process relatively relieved and relaxed. Prevention in schools: classrooms should be spacious and bright, light distribution should be scientific and reasonable, tables and chairs should be of appropriate height, books and papers should not have reflections, schools should carry out regular vision examinations, strengthen education and publicity on eye hygiene, urge students to do eye exercises carefully, reduce the amount of homework, and in addition seats should be changed regularly with left-center-right rotation.
In addition specific measures are as follows
① To develop the correct posture for children to read and write, a distance of about 30 cm should be maintained between the eyes and the book.
② When reading and writing, the light should be moderate, not too strong or too dark, the light should come from the left front, so that the shadow of the hand does not prevent vision. Lighting is best used 40 to 60W incandescent lamp, placed in the upper left corner of the desk. This is because the incandescent light is softer, good color rendering performance, the eye can easily adapt to prevent the light is too strong or too dark brought about by eye fatigue.
③ reading time should not be too long, every 40 to 50 minutes, you should rest 10 to 15 minutes, close your eyes or look into the distance for a few minutes or do eye exercises to prevent excessive eye fatigue, so that the eye regulation muscle can be fully relaxed.
④ Do not read books and newspapers with too small or blurred handwriting, and do not write too small.
⑤ Educate children to correct improper eye habits, such as lying on the table, tilting the head to read or write, lying in bed to read, reading while eating, reading under strong light or dim street lights, moonlight, and reading in a moving car and while walking, etc. These bad habits can overstrain the eyes and reduce the acuity of vision.
⑥ Prevent overuse of the eyes, which means not to overwork the internal and external muscles of the eyes or to keep them under tension for a long time.
(7) Strengthen vision training and adhere to eye exercises, which can be combined with some anti-fatigue eye drops.
⑧ Prevent TV myopia, watch less TV, less computer, less cell phone. Children who spend a long time drawing, playing the piano, and reading piano music can also cause myopia.
⑨ Strengthening physical exercise and physical fitness can reduce and slow down the occurrence of myopia, especially outdoor sports. Allowing children to have a long-distance view in the countryside with fresh air and a wide field of vision, and to enjoy the mountains and rivers of the motherland with their eyes, is also one of the best methods of eye care.
⑩ Pay attention to nutritional supplements, especially vitamin b and minerals, as they are necessary for the development and functional progress of the eyes. Children who are partial eaters or crave sweets commonly have myopia and therefore should be avoided.
Young children’s eyes are farsighted and need to use stronger adjustments when looking at close objects, making them more susceptible to changes in eye shape. As mentioned earlier, the younger the child is before the age of 6 the greater the degree of hyperopia and the stronger the accommodation needed to see close.
Therefore, one of the preventive measures: before the age of 6, during the critical period of eye development, close work should be minimized and children should be allowed to do more outdoor activities, which can enhance physical fitness and reduce the occurrence of myopia, why not?
Overall, the prevention of myopia in young people is a long-term and difficult task. Keeping children growing up healthy in the sun and minimizing the burden on their eyes is the key to preventing the onset and development of myopia.
How can myopia be treated?
To date, various devices for treating myopia (only preventive, not curative effects) have proven to be very inaccurate or even ineffective in terms of efficacy.
(1) optometry and prescription, under 8 years old atropine dilated pupil optometry, slow dispersal; over 12 years old, fast dispersal, 8 to 12 years old can be fast can be slow, if the first optometry, choose slow dispersal, farsighted patients choose slow dispersal. Wearing the right glasses is by far the most effective, safest and preferred correction method. You can choose frames and contact lenses according to the actual situation. (Special note: scientific optometry always requires dilated pupils, which means that dilated pupils can remove pseudomyopia and visual fatigue. If your child is currently in the pseudomyopia stage, it can be detected through dilated eye examinations, rather than going directly to glasses. Pseudomyopia and visual fatigue can be recovered through rest, anti-fatigue and pupil dilatation, eye exercises, physical therapy, acupuncture, massage, etc., but once true myopia is formed, there is no way, it can only be treated by wearing glasses and some of the methods described below, so you can see the ophthalmology department of major hospitals, many ophthalmologists are wearing glasses, because wearing glasses is the safest.)
(2) Corneal contact lenses, i.e. contact lenses. You can choose different brands and types of soft or hard contact lenses according to your needs. Pay attention to eye hygiene to avoid conjunctivitis, keratitis, corneal ulcers.
(3) OK lenses. Some scholars, believe that it has a certain role in preventing the development of myopia. But must pay attention to eye hygiene, otherwise, conjunctivitis, keratitis, corneal ulcers.
(4) Adolescent progressive lenses .
(5) Excimer laser surgery. This is currently the most direct way to remove glasses, suitable for adults, but its mechanism is only to thin the cornea with laser, not to change the myopic eye axis and the pathological changes of the fundus (such as leopard’s eye, degeneration of the fundus, etc.), the essence of myopia is still placed there, will not change, change only the thickness of the cornea. Generally speaking, myopia should be performed only after the age of 18 and after the myopia has been stable for at least 1 year. Pre-operative precautions and post-operative complications, such as reappearance of myopia, loss and regression of vision, interlayer implantation of corneal epithelial cells, persistent eye dryness, glare, etc., can be discussed in detail with the laser myopia surgeon at our refractive eye center.
(6) For myopia over 1000 degrees, some patients are no longer able to undergo laser surgery because if the cornea is too thin by laser ablation, some patients will have cone corneas and corneal rupture. In such patients, intraocular lens implantation can be considered. However, patients with more than 1000 degrees of myopia, usually combined with highly myopic retinopathy, most of the retina of the fundus is not good, so patients with poor corrected vision should not be implanted intraocular lens, usually patients with 2000 to 3000 degrees of myopia, vision is very poor, some close to blindness.
At present, some scholars also believe that scleral reinforcement (scleral buckling) can prevent the development of myopia, which is also a surgical idea. At the same time, RGP and OK lenses have recently become more popular and prevalent, but their role in preventing the development of myopia is not particularly clear, some scholars believe that they are more effective in slowing down the development of myopia, and certainly do not have the legendary effect of “treating myopia into non-myopia”, they are actually a kind of glasses, only worn on the surface of the eye. They are actually a kind of glasses, only worn on the corneal surface of the eye, so if you don’t pay attention to hygiene, the chance of keratitis, conjunctivitis and corneal ulcers is still there, so you should be careful.