(1) Abnormal cytology: ≥ grade II cytology Pap or ≥ ASC/AGC in TBS report; or ≥ ASC with positive high-risk HPV-DNA test; HPV 16/18 infection . (2) Clinically suspicious history or signs: e.g. contact bleeding, abnormal fluid discharge, abnormal cervical appearance such as chronic cervicitis: cervical pseudo-erosion (displaced cervical columnar epithelium or asymmetric erosion), polyps, leukoplakia, warts, red zone or suspected cancer. (3) High-risk HPV: positive DNA test or positive visual observation of VIA or VILI. (4) Lower genital tract warts. (5) Vulvar or vaginal suspicious lesions. (6) Follow-up after treatment for CIN and cervical cancer. (7) Follow-up of dynamic changes of cervical, vaginal and vulvar lesions. (8) Others: e.g. CIN and early cervical cancer preoperatively for vaginal wall involvement, pregnancy with CIN.