Hyperthyroidism (hyperthyroidism) is a common endocrine disease, mostly seen in women, with common symptoms such as fear of heat, excessive sweating, panic, hand tremor, fatigue, increased food intake, and weight loss, etc. Some patients may also have protruding eyeballs and thickening of the neck. If not treated correctly and effectively, it will cause damage to several systems of the human body, such as complications like hyperthyroidism heart disease. The radionuclide iodine-131 can concentrate in the thyroid tissue, destroying part of the thyroid tissue, reducing the size of the thyroid gland and decreasing the secretion of thyroid hormones, thus achieving the purpose of curing hyperthyroidism. Therefore, some people call Iodine-131 treatment of hyperthyroidism as “thyroidectomy without surgery”. The treatment method is as follows: two to four weeks before the treatment, the patient stops using anti-thyroid drugs and iodine-containing drugs and food, completes the thyroid hormone measurement, thyroid imaging, iodine uptake rate measurement and other related examinations, and the nuclear medicine physician will set the dose of iodine-131 treatment according to the patient’s condition. Patients generally experience a gradual improvement of symptoms within 3 months and a complete disappearance of symptoms within 6 months to 2 years, with an overall effective rate of treatment of about 90%. At present, it is generally recognized that adult patients of both sexes are suitable for iodine-131 treatment. The treatment of women of childbearing age and children has been debated. In the early stage of using iodine-131 to treat hyperthyroidism, some people were worried that iodine-131 would cause cancer and leukemia, and congenital anomalies in fetuses. However, after more than half a century of clinical practice has proved that these concerns have been eliminated, more than 1 million patients at home and abroad data statistics, iodine-131 treatment of hyperthyroidism did not make the patient’s leukemia and thyroid malignant tumors increase in the incidence of fetal malformations not more than the natural incidence of fertility and development of the offspring have no effect. It is now unanimously recognized by experts that Iodine-131 is a safe form of treatment for patients of all ages (including women of childbearing age and children), except for pregnant and breastfeeding women, and that it should be used as the treatment of choice for adults.