How does minimally invasive surgery correct nipple invagination?

  The purpose of nipple invagination surgery is to ensure a good shape of the nipple, stability of the result, and to enlarge the nipple. According to the surgical evolution, it can be divided into three stages: 1. Areolar skin shortening or areolar muscle dissection In patients whose nipples are located in a cavity and cannot breastfeed their babies, we remove a ring of areolar skin or two crescent-shaped skin and do suture tightening around the nipple to make the nipple protrude. However, this procedure is not indicated for patients with significant nipple dysplasia or nipple deformity.  The cause of nipple invagination is the absence of muscle fibers in patients with nipple invagination, which causes nipple invagination, and the fact that the nipple root is stretched tightly during areolar contraction so that the nipple cannot protrude above the skin surface. The subcutaneous muscle incision of the areola or suture fixation of the ectropion is only applicable to the inverted nipple, but not to the true nipple inversion deformity.  2. Surgery to tighten the skin of the nipple neck without destroying the milk ducts.  The second stage of correcting nipple invagination is to form a tighter nipple neck to permanently prevent nipple contraction and inversion, which is a truly more appropriate procedure to correct nipple invagination.  3. Nippleplasty: Three 2.5-inch radial epididymis are removed at a distance of about 0.5 inches from the apex of the nipple and sutured with absorbable sutures on the periapical fascia to form a tight structure that closes the epididymis and gives support to the nipple again and allows the patient to breastfeed without difficulty. Quadrilateral suture technique: no purse-string suture is used, but the ducts and fibrous cords are cut.  Skoog technique: The nipple is first withdrawn, a circular incision is made around its base, and four misaligned triangular skin excisions are made on the nipple side of the areola, thus creating a contracted structure at the nipple neck and restoring breastfeeding function. The technique for correcting nipple entropion while preserving nipple function is known as the reverse V-Y technique.  In most patients with congenital nipple invagination, the ducts must be severed to allow the nipple to protrude, leading to the belief that all fibrous bundles and ducts must be severed to achieve the best results with nipple invagination. The application of the triangular dermal flap technique led to the concept of a dermal suspensory band to prevent nipple invagination, but the only drawback was the loss of lactation for patients who required it from then on.