In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, advanced science in other fields led to the development of medicine. in 1936, Maude Abbott established a clinicopathologic profile (clinopathologic profile) that included TOF based on chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, etc. The Era of Clinicophysiology and Surgery (1940s to 1970s) In the 1850s, the era of direct intracardiac surgery (Open-Heart Surgery) began. in 1954, Lillehei applied the cross- circulation technique (cross- In 1954, Lillehei performed TOF correction using cross-circulation techniques. This was soon followed by the era of extracorporeal circulation. The Infant Era (1970s to 1990) During this era, there were three important changes: (1) the use of prostaglandins, which saved a large number of small infants; (2) the rise of ultrasound; and (3) the development of infant surgery. Olley et al. first described ductus arteriosus-dependent precardiac disease: “severe precardiac disease including pulmonary atresia, pulmonary stenosis, or severe right ventricular dysplasia that is almost entirely dependent on the opening of an arterial duct to maintain pulmonary blood flow”. Barratt-Boyes, Castaneda, Kirklin and others have made highly valuable contributions to infant cardiac surgery. For more than 300 years, TOF has now been used for consultation and treatment for all to see. While looking back at history and noting the heroes, it is more important to pay tribute to the patients and their families of all eras who, in the face of new theories and technologies, uncertain futures and unpredictable risks, still defied their fate!