(A) Airway management General anesthesia is the most commonly used method for pediatric surgery, and airway management is the focus of general anesthetic management. Superficial minor surgeries can be performed under non-tracheal intubation general anesthesia, but longer surgeries, critically ill children with full stomach and intestinal obstruction, head, face or respiratory surgery, thoracic and abdominal surgery, and prone and lateral surgery mostly require tracheal intubation. Therefore, in order to establish an effective airway and ensure patency, reduce anesthesia accidents and complications, avoid anesthesia management errors, and ensure the safety of pediatric perioperative period, the following points need to be noted: 1. Neonates and small infants have large skulls, thin and soft necks, easy to turn the direction of the head, not easy to fix, mask ventilation as well as laryngoscopy to reveal the vocal cords are more difficult, while it is possible that you inadvertently use the adult jaw-holding technique and make your fingers put At the same time, it is possible that you may unintentionally use the adult jaw-holding technique and your fingers flatten the trachea, causing difficulties in mask ventilation. 2, nasal cavity narrowing, supine position, the child more through the nasal cavity breathing, the head side of the venous reflux is not smooth, it is easy to cause nasal mucosa edema, secretion obstruction and lead to impaired ventilation. 3, individual children with large tongue, it is easy to close to the soft palate and pharyngeal wall, resulting in oral ventilation disorders, which is why we sometimes do not see the lifting of the thorax in the process of mask ventilation, but rather a drop in oxygen saturation, at this time, it may be worthwhile to open the child’s mouth, pushing away the tongue close to the soft palate and pharyngeal wall; at the same time, large tongue and small mouth also prevent the laryngoscope to reveal the vocal cords. 4, the epiglottis is inverted “V” or inverted “U” type, when the laryngoscope reveals the head of the larynx, the epiglottis is easy to cover the vocal folds, resulting in more difficult intubation, if the stimulation of the epiglottis is too long, easy to cause edema, more likely to block the vocal folds, resulting in breathing difficulties after extubation. 5, the larynx is funnel-shaped, the narrowest part of the larynx at the cricoid cartilage, in the endotracheal intubation, although the catheter can be inserted into the vocal cords, but slightly thicker is difficult to pass the cricoid cartilage narrow. 6, pediatric tracheal tube is soft, easy to bend, endotracheal intubation after the establishment, the catheter is easy to bend in the oral cavity, folding, and even out of the vocal cords (especially head, face, neck and respiratory surgery), sometimes not easy to be detected in time, so it should be paid more attention to. 7, newborns and infants with short total trachea, only 4.0 ~ 4.3 cm, plus no teeth to rely on, it is difficult to fix the catheter, so the endotracheal tube is difficult to be in the best position after the tip of the tube, a little deeper to stimulate the bulge or into the bronchus, a little shallow is easy to dislodge. 8, pediatric metabolism is vigorous, saliva and respiratory secretions are more, even after the establishment of tracheal intubation, it can also cause respiratory obstruction. It can be seen that the pathway from the oral cavity, pharyngeal cavity, laryngeal cavity to the vocal cavity is like a “bottleneck” for children, and respiratory crisis can occur if no attention or carelessness is paid. Therefore, in pediatric anesthesia, respiratory management is the most critical, and mastering the correct respiratory management will undoubtedly lay the foundation for safety in the perianesthesia period, and also grasp the life. (B) Management of blood and fluid transfusion The proportion of body fluid to body weight is larger in children than in adults, and water metabolism is faster than in adults, so blood and fluid transfusion during anesthesia is an important measure to ensure the safety of surgery, but it is necessary to calculate correctly and not too fast in blood and fluid transfusion. The amount, speed and type of rehydration should be initially estimated according to the rehydration formula and the maximum allowable bleeding volume, and then adjusted according to the clinical present and monitoring results, and the blood routine and blood gas electromediator should be monitored when necessary. (C) Postoperative recovery phase Some data show that the incidence of hypoxemia in pediatric patients during postoperative transit and after returning to the ward can be 24%~50%. Therefore, to ensure the smooth recovery after pediatric anesthesia surgery, pediatric patients should be routinely sent to the anesthesia recovery room after surgery, and EKG or SPO2 should be monitored during escort, and they should not be sent back to the ward until they are fully awake and all physiological indicators are stable in the recovery room.