Cesarean section is one of the earliest surgeries performed by mankind. It is a process in which the doctor uses a knife to cut through the mother’s abdominal and uterine walls to deliver the baby. Anesthesia is indispensable for cesarean delivery. Many mothers-to-be have little knowledge of cesarean delivery surgery and anesthesia, and often fail to cooperate with the doctor before, during, and after the surgery, resulting in many problems that should not have occurred. Therefore, mothers-to-be should fully understand the knowledge of cesarean section and anesthesia before the surgery, and actively cooperate with the doctor to make the anesthesia and surgery more perfect. For many surgeries, the requirements for anesthesia methods are not high, as long as the patient can feel no pain. However, cesarean section surgery is particularly demanding on anesthesia, which is determined by the physiology of pregnant women. The fetus in the abdomen does not breathe on its own, and all the oxygen needed by the fetus baby is used by the baby only after the mother inhales the oxygen and passes through the placenta, and any inappropriate anesthesia method or excessive anesthesia drugs may affect this process and endanger the baby’s life. Therefore, the requirements of anesthesia for cesarean section are: 1) perfect analgesia and satisfactory muscle relaxation during the operation; 2) guaranteeing the safety of the mother; 3) minimal inhibition of the baby; 4) careful use of drugs affecting uterine contractions. Almost all anesthetics and analgesics have inhibitory effects on the central system, and all are more likely to pass the placental barrier and enter the fetus. An important role of the placenta is to act as the lungs of the fetus, carrying out the exchange of gases. Oxygen delivered by maternal blood has to pass through the chorionic gaps of the placenta into the fetal circulation, and carbon dioxide from fetal blood has to enter the maternal circulation by diffusion. Anesthetic drugs can affect the fetus in two ways, either directly by depressing the fetal respiratory and circulatory centers or indirectly by depressing the maternal respiratory circulation. An overdose of anesthetic drugs or hypoxemia due to respiratory depression in the mother during the operation will affect the baby’s oxygen supply and metabolic waste elimination, which will directly threaten the baby’s life. Therefore, when choosing anesthesia for cesarean delivery, anesthesiologists must carefully consider the type, dosage, timing and method of medication to prevent direct or indirect adverse effects on the fetus.