Reflex epilepsy is a type of seizure caused by either atopic or non-atopic stimuli. There are many causes of reflex epilepsy, and it is important for patients to understand these triggers and try to avoid these seizure-prone factors in their lives. What are the causes of reflex epilepsy? The triggers of reflex epilepsy are as follows: 1. Language reflex epilepsy triggers include: reading, talking, etc.; 2. Visual reflex epilepsy triggers include: flashing stimuli, graphics, TV, video, games, closed eyes, colors, etc.; 3. Motor reflex epilepsy triggers include; strenuous exercise, swallowing, eye movements, bathing, eating, exercise, etc.; 4. Auditory reflex epilepsy triggers include: music frightened; 5. Mental (thinking) reflex epilepsy triggers include: calculation, problem solving (chess games, math problems), playing cards, and drawing. In addition to reflex epilepsy, there are several other uncommon causes of epilepsy: 1. Feeding epilepsy It occurs in about 1 in 15,000 to 25,000 epileptic patients and has been reported in both children and adults. Most patients also have spontaneous seizures. The appearance, taste or texture of food can be a trigger, but the triggers are the same or stereotyped in the same patient. Somatosensory, proprioceptive, vegetative stimuli and patient’s emotions induced during swallowing of food can be involved in reflex epileptic processes. The seizure type is mostly focal and can originate in the temporal lobe limbic system or in extratemporal structures such as around the lateral fissure. It is very rare that seizures are caused by listening to music, and there are even reports of seizures caused by sleeping in a musical environment or just imagining music in the mind. The music that can cause a seizure can vary from patient to patient, but is the same in the same patient. The incubation period is several minutes. The seizure type is focal seizure with or without impairment of consciousness. Epileptiform electrical activity is seen in one temporal region during the interictal period, more closely related to the right temporal region. In addition to the characteristics of the music itself, emotional responses regulated by the medial temporal lobe limbic system are also involved in the seizure mechanism. 3. Seizures induced by thinking activities Certain higher cortical thinking activities such as calculating, playing poker, playing Rubik’s cube, playing chess, and making decisions can occasionally induce seizures. Although patients often report only one seizure trigger, detailed questioning and testing reveals that more than 80% of patients have more than one stimulus that can trigger a seizure. Unlike primary reading epilepsy, the majority of this disorder has spontaneous seizures. The types of reflex or spontaneous seizures include bilateral myoclonic, akathisia, or tonic clonic seizures, and rarely focal seizures. the EEG is fully conductive synchronized spike-and-slow-wave or multi-spike slow-wave, with occasional spontaneous nonspecific EEG abnormalities in the temporal or frontal regions. Most patients have idiopathic generalized epilepsy such as childhood akinetic epilepsy and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. 4. Reading epilepsy Primary reading epilepsy is usually triggered by reading only, without spontaneous seizures. It starts in adolescence. The patient feels jaw twitching after reading for a period of time, as a focal seizure or focal myoclonus involving the mouth and face. If reading continues at this time, it can lead to generalized convulsive seizures. Non-reading intellectual activity does not cause seizures. The patient has normal development, normal neurological examination and neuroimaging, and normal EEG (electroencephalogram) during the interictal period. Seizures are characterized by rhythmic spikes or often abnormal EEGs in one or both frontal-central, central-parietal, or temporal-parietal regions, with epileptiform electrical activity seen during the interictal period, and imaging may be problematic for brain injury. Many patients (approximately 70%) have never been identified as the cause. In generalized epilepsy, hereditary factors may play a role, and a few types of epilepsy are hereditary, but this is not the case in a large proportion of cases. The risk of passing on epilepsy to future generations is actually very small, except for a few genetic disorders that can cause epilepsy. The symptoms of epilepsy are 1, petit mal seizures, also known as aphasic seizures, which are typically characterized by a brief loss of consciousness, mostly complete loss of consciousness, and occasionally shallow impairment of consciousness. The episodes are characterized by brief and frequent loss of consciousness. Most episodes last 2-15 seconds and do not exceed 1 minute, and occur several to dozens of times a day. They occur suddenly and end abruptly. It is characterized by sudden interruption of speech and activity, staring at both eyes, occasionally turning upward, sometimes pale, without aura. After the seizure stops, the original activity continues. 2, grand mal seizures: about 50% of seizures, mostly around 1 year old or between 14-17 years old. Grand mal seizures can be divided into four periods: (1) aura period: dizziness, stomach discomfort. (2) tonic phase: sudden loss of consciousness, fall to the ground, head tilted back, limbs tonic, due to the spasm of the septal muscles, the patient issued a “lamb-like” roar, blue face, dilated pupils, respiratory pauses, lasting tens of seconds. (3) Clonic phase: the whole body muscles have rhythmic jerking, often biting the tongue, foaming at the mouth, and may be accompanied by urinary and fecal incontinence, generally lasting 1-3 minutes. (4) Recovery period: It usually takes tens of minutes to wake up, and the patient cannot recall the process of seizure, and has generalized pain and weakness. Individual patients may have frenzy, running and screaming, hitting and destroying things during the recovery period. The patient can not recall the process of waking up, the whole body is in pain, weakness. 4, psychomotor seizures: on the background of impaired consciousness, there are often delusions, hallucinations and automaticity. It is also called temporal lobe epilepsy because it is mostly caused by temporal lobe lesions. The age of onset is later in all types of epilepsy, with the first onset occurring in the early 20s. About 40% of patients have an aura at the onset of epilepsy, such as stomach upset, hallucinations, hallucinations, vertigo, nausea, and fear. Clinical manifestations can be divided into: (1) Affective disorder: It can produce episodes of emotional abnormalities, such as a sudden feeling of sadness, anger, fear, impending disaster, or impending doom. (2) Disorder of consciousness only: It should be distinguished from aphasic seizures, in which the disorder of consciousness is more than 1 minute, while aphasic seizures are mostly within 1 minute. (3) Psychosensory symptoms: such as delusion, hearing abnormalities, people talking to you as if they were separated by a wall. Visual illusions feel like a veil over what you see. Seeing the ground undulating, seeing objects as if they were distorted. Seeing objects larger, seeing objects smaller. (4) Recognition symptoms: Memory impairment is the most common. Some patients have a sense of familiarity with people or objects that were unfamiliar to them, called “déjà vu”. In some cases, a sense of unfamiliarity may arise inexplicably for familiar people or environments. (5) Complex type, manifesting as a combination of multiple complex symptoms. Some of them have sudden outbursts of impulsiveness and even illegal behavior. Such as hurting others, destroying things, self-injury, suicide, murder, etc. (6) Psychomotor symptoms: Automatism is common. Involuntary oropharyngeal movements, such as sucking, chewing, swallowing, etc. Some patients rub their hands on their clothes, raise their hands in circles, etc. Sometimes the more complex autonomic disorders are characterized by sleepwalking and neurosis.