With the changes in lifestyle and work pace, low back pain has become an important health problem for people living and working in modern cities. How much do you know about low back pain? In the next Love Spine Public Lecture, Prof. Leung Wai will share with you some of the highlights of Love Spine’s health lectures to help you understand the relevant common sense. Common causes of lumbar and leg pain Patients with lumbar and leg pain do not necessarily have lumbar disc herniation, Lewis (1943) has listed 158 factors that cause lumbar and leg pain need to be identified, categorized as: (1) spinal disorders, such as cryptic fissure and slipping, etc.; (2) paravertebral soft tissue diseases, such as lumbar muscle strain, etc.; (3) spinal canal diseases, such as inflammation and tumors, etc.; (4) sacroiliac joints and hip diseases, such as tuberculosis and pyriformis syndrome, etc.; (5) internal organ reflexes, such as the lumbar muscle, and so on; (7) the spine, the spine and hip diseases. (4) Diseases of sacroiliac joints and buttocks such as tuberculosis and pyriformis syndrome, etc.; (5) Diseases of visceral reflexes and blood vessels such as pelvic inflammation and vasculitis, etc. (I) Soft tissue lumbago usually includes lumbosacral muscles, ligaments, fascia and soft tissues around small joints caused by injury or inflammation of lumbago. There is no nerve root irritation in this disease, but there may be posterior branch of lumbar nerve compression. Some cases have fixed pressure points, while others have vague symptoms that are difficult to localize. It may have acute or chronic course, and the diagnosis can be confirmed by general physical examination. x-ray examination can exclude tumors, tuberculosis, spinal inflammation and other organic lesions. （Lumbar disc herniation is a syndrome that occurs when the lumbar disc degenerates, ruptures, and the posterior protrusion compresses the spinal cord or nerves. It is a common cause of lumbar pain and occurs mostly in young adults. Rehabilitation treatment: (1) Bed rest and restriction of activities. (2) Lumbar traction. (3) Tui na and manipulation therapy. (4) Other treatments such as heat and cold therapy, electrotherapy, acupuncture, and medication can be used as appropriate. (5) Oral pain medication and external plasters. (6) Surgery: minimally invasive surgery, open surgery. (C) Spinal stenosis Spinal stenosis is mostly seen in middle-aged and old people, with the typical manifestation of lumbar pain with intermittent claudication; more symptoms and fewer signs; the symptoms are often aggravated when lumbar spine is hyperextended and alleviated when lumbar spine is slightly flexed; aggravated by standing and walking, especially walking downhill, and alleviated in sitting position. It can be distinguished from vascular intermittent claudication. TreatmentTreatment is aimed at eliminating the pathophysiological mechanism and controlling the symptoms. (1) Rest When the symptoms are significant, bed rest for 2 to 5 days can relieve the symptoms, but long-term bed rest is not recommended. (2) Drugs Aspirin or other non-hormonal anti-inflammatory analgesic drugs can be applied. (4) Lumbar traction and massage therapy (5) Surgery Patients with severe symptoms and ineffective non-surgical treatment should have surgical treatment, minimally invasive surgery or open surgery. (5) Spondylolisthesis Spondylolisthesis is a condition in which the upper vertebra slips forward and downward along the slope of the upper edge of the lower vertebra. Severe spondylolisthesis can damage the cauda equina and cause paraplegia. Spondylolisthesis is caused in a few cases by congenital dysplasia of the lumbosacral spine, and in most cases by lumbar isthmic cleft or degenerative changes of the intervertebral discs and small joints. TreatmentTreatment is aimed at eliminating pathophysiologic mechanisms and controlling symptoms. (1) Rest When symptoms are significant, bed rest for 2 to 5 days may relieve symptoms. (2) Drugs Aspirin or other non-hormonal anti-inflammatory analgesic drugs can be applied. (3) Lumbar traction and massage therapy (4) Surgery Patients with severe symptoms and ineffective non-surgical treatment should have surgery.