Refractory epilepsy is judged on the premise that the patient has received systematic and regular treatment, but still cannot completely control the seizures. This is also seen in the following cases: 1. Treatment with the preferred drug and the blood concentration of the drug has reached the therapeutic range. 2. With the preferred drug, the maximum acceptable dose has been reached. 3. The maximum acceptable dose of the drug has reached more than one. In practice, the following conditions tend to manifest as difficult to control seizures: 1. Certain types of epilepsy are difficult to treat, such as secondary infantile spasms, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and certain complex partial seizures. 2. Patients with long duration of each seizure, especially those lasting more than 30 minutes, are often difficult to treat. 3. The onset of the disease within 1 year of age is often difficult to treat if it is accompanied by mental and motor regression. However, the onset of the disease at the age of 2 to 3 years is easier to treat than the onset of the disease at the age of 11 to 19 years. 4. Patients with other serious brain diseases such as congenital or perinatal brain damage, intracranial infection, trauma, cerebrovascular disease or metabolic disease, and abnormal changes seen on brain CT or MRI are often difficult to treat. How can refractory epilepsy be treated? The following methods can be tried: 1. Use existing drugs more rationally; re-classify the type correctly, sometimes requiring a formal re-check of the EEG, select a first-line antiepileptic drug, use it correctly at the recommended dose, and then change it when it is not effective until a drug is found to be effective for that patient. 2. Adjust the dose and monitor the blood concentration of the drug, and combine the two to ensure that the drug has no significant drug side effects and is used safely. 3.Co-administration of drugs. The metabolic process of the selected drugs in the body will not have mutual effects and reduce the efficacy. Generally, drugs with different mechanisms of action can be used together. 4, adjuvant drugs can be used acetazolamide (acetazolamide), prednisone or corticotropin (ACTH), amantadine, calcium channel blockers such as nimodipine, flunarizine, free radical scavengers such as high-dose vitamin E, intravenous drip high-dose aprotinin, allopurinol, thyrotropin-releasing hormone. In recent years, with the help of advanced modern medical technology, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance (FMRI), single photon tomography (SPECT), positron tomography (PET), and multilead video EEG (up to 128 leads) technology, epileptic foci can be precisely located in some patients, and the localization can be accurate to the millimeter level. The surgical modalities include submural nerve fiber dissection, partial temporal lobectomy, corpus callosotomy, hemispheric corticotomy, and stereotactic destruction of deep brain structures (e.g., amygdala, medial region of optic thalamus, etc.). The results of surgery, about 1/3 seizure control, 1/3 improvement, 1/3 unchanged, some patients aggravated after surgery due to technical and other reasons.