Surgery is the main method to cure breast cancer, even palliative surgical resection for patients with advanced breast cancer is beneficial to tumor control. Radical breast cancer surgery: Halsted first designed and advocated radical breast cancer surgery in 1890, which includes the removal of the skin, the whole breast, the pectoralis major and minor muscles and the whole axillary lymphatic fat tissue under the collarbone at least 3 cm away from the tumor. This concept of radical surgery was a milestone in surgical oncology and laid the foundation for the emergence and development of the concept of radical surgery for other solid tumors. However, in the past 20 years, with the increasing understanding of the biological characteristics of breast cancer, the increasing number of intermediate and early stage cases and the progress of comprehensive treatment, the use of traditional radical surgery for breast cancer has become less and less in clinical practice. Modified radical surgery: The scope of surgical resection is similar to radical surgery, but the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles are preserved (Auchincloss procedure) or the pectoralis major muscle is preserved and the pectoralis minor muscle is removed (Patey procedure). This procedure has the advantage of improving postoperative functional recovery, but it is difficult to clear the lymph nodes in the supra-axillary group. At present, modified radical surgery is called standard radical surgery and is widely used in clinical practice. 3.Total mastectomy: Only total mastectomy is performed without lymph node clearance. This procedure is mainly used for patients with intraductal carcinoma in situ or elderly patients. 4.Segmental mastectomy plus axillary lymph node dissection: collectively, this is a breast-preserving surgery. Usually two incisions are made in the breast and axilla respectively. Segmental resection means that the edge of the tumor is removed with part of the normal breast tissue and there is no tumor infiltration in the microscopic margin. The scope of axillary lymph node dissection usually also includes the axillary and mid-axillary lymph nodes. 5.Sentinel lymph node biopsy: Sentinel lymph node biopsy is an important advancement in breast cancer surgery in recent years. It is the first stop of breast cancer lymph node metastasis, and biopsy has been shown to accurately predict the status of axillary lymph nodes and avoid the complications of traditional axillary lymph node dissection for patients with negative biopsy. The specific method is: first inject tracer (blue dye or nuclide) in the affected breast, make a small incision in the axilla to accurately remove and biopsy the sentinel lymph node using blue-dyed lymphatic vessel tracer or γ-probe detection, if the pathology is negative, then preserve the axilla, if positive, then perform axillary lymph node dissection. 6.Reconstruction after mastectomy: At present, due to the progress of comprehensive treatment of breast cancer, the survival rate of patients for a longer period of time is greatly improved, and coupled with the increasing pursuit of beauty and quality of life of patients, breast reconstruction after breast cancer becomes a new topic for oncologists and plastic surgeons. The timing of breast reconstruction is divided into immediate reconstruction and late reconstruction. Traditionally, it is believed that breast reconstruction should be performed 1 to 2 years after surgical resection of breast cancer for those without signs of recurrence. However, with the advancement of research, it has been proved that immediate reconstruction after radical breast cancer surgery is safe and feasible, and there is no difference in terms of complications, recurrence rate and mortality compared with radical breast cancer surgery alone, so immediate reconstruction is now increasingly preferred in Europe and America. Breast reconstruction should be selected according to the patient’s wishes, condition, age and individual differences, and the reconstructed area is required to be free of tumor residue. The main procedures include: breast reconstruction with prosthesis filling; breast reconstruction with thoracoabdominal skin tube; breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi muscle flap transfer; breast reconstruction with rectus abdominis muscle flap transfer and breast reconstruction with free skin flap or myocutaneous flap. The overall choice of surgical procedure for breast cancer should be based on the stage of the disease with the premise that the tumor can be completely removed before considering the preservation of function and breast shape as much as possible. Currently, there is a trend toward smaller and smaller breast cancer surgeries. Traditional radical surgery is basically replaced by modified radical surgery, breast-conserving surgery is becoming more and more common, and sentinel lymph node biopsy has gradually become a new method of axillary lymph node staging, providing an opportunity to preserve the axilla for patients with early-stage breast cancer.