Type 2 diabetes includes: Impaired fasting glucose (IFG): fasting venous blood glucose ≥6.1 mmol/l (110 mg/dl) to <7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT): blood glucose ≥7.8 mmol/l (140 mg/dl) to <11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) after meal or glucose tolerance test for 2 hours. (200 mg/dl) Type 2 diabetes etiology: progressive insulin secretion defect in the presence of insulin resistance Type 2 diabetes diagnostic criteria: FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) or diabetes symptoms + random blood glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) or 2-hour blood glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) Type 2 diabetes risk factors: age; obesity: current or former cardiovascular disease; smoking; lipids (low HDL-C and high triglycerides); elevated albumin excretion rate; atrial fibrillation; family history of early onset cardiovascular disease (as cited in the IDF Global Diabetes Guidelines) V. Chronic complications of type 2 diabetes: eyes - 1. retinopathy; 2. iris neovascularization; 3. Corneal abnormalities (as cited in the Chinese Diabetes Prevention and Control Guidelines). Kidney – nephropathy, uremia Diabetic foot – 1. neuropathy; 2. peripheral arterial disease; 3. ulceration/infection (as cited in IDF Global Diabetes Prevention and Control Guidelines) Heart: 1. increased atherosclerosis; 2. coronary artery disease; 3. diabetic cardiomyopathy; 4. congestive heart failure 5. arrhythmias Brain: 1. transient ischemic attack (TIA); 2. lacunar cerebral infarction; 3. multiple cerebral infarction; 4. cerebral thrombosis. Bone and joints: osteoarthritis, osteoporosis Oral: 1. gum and periodontal infections; 2. maxillofacial soft tissue infections; 3. loosening of teeth. VI: Type 2 diabetes treatment objectives: 1. blood glucose control; 2. reduce disability and mortality in diabetes; 3. improve the quality of life of diabetic patients; 4. correct poor lifestyle; 5. prevent acute complications (hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis); 6. reduce the risk of chronic complications