The causes of epilepsy can be broadly divided into two categories: 1. Primary epilepsy: In these patients, there are no structural changes or metabolic abnormalities in the brain that can cause symptoms, and the onset is mostly in childhood and adolescence. Seizure types are limited to grand mal seizures, typical petit mal seizures, or large myoclonic episodes. Seizures are more likely to occur as a result of physical and environmental triggers. A small number of patients have a significant family history and appear to have irregular autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance. The first of these is a combination of the following The common causes include: (1) congenital disorders: such as congenital malformations and fetal infections. (2) Cranio-cerebral trauma: including birth injuries. (3) Infections: such as various brain infections or systemic infections with toxic encephalopathy or cerebral thrombosis may lead to epilepsy. It is more common in children. (4) Tumors: Intracranial tumors are a common cause of epilepsy that begins in middle age, especially those close to the cerebral cortex. (5) Vascular disease: such as cerebrovascular malformations. Post-stroke epilepsy is mostly seen in middle-aged and elderly people. Hypertensive encephalopathy is also often associated with epilepsy. (6) Degenerative diseases: such as tuberous sclerosis, degenerative diseases in childhood often lead to seizures, and adult neurological degenerative diseases that can lead to diffuse brain atrophy can also be associated with epilepsy. (7) Metabolic disorders: such as hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, uremia, water intoxication, etc. can produce epilepsy. (8) Brain parasitic diseases: such as cerebral cysticercosis, cerebral schistosomiasis.