After the birth of a newborn, the umbilical cord connected to the placenta is ligated and cut off, and the stump of the umbilical cord finally dries and falls off, leaving a small concave belly button in the middle of the baby’s abdomen. After the umbilical cord is ligated, it is important to keep the umbilicus clean and dry, but if it is not properly cared for, the belly button, though small, may develop some diseases. The more common ones are as follows: a. Umbilicus is most common in newborns. At first, the umbilicus and the surrounding tissue are only red and swollen, with mucous or purulent secretions and a foul smell. If left untreated, it can cause cellulitis of the abdominal wall, forming abscesses and necrosis, and bacteria can invade the blood circulation along the umbilical vessels that have not yet closed, causing sepsis. So how to prevent and control umbilical cord infection in newborns? After the umbilical cord is ligated, the umbilicus must be kept clean and dry, cleaned with hydrogen peroxide or 75% alcohol and then wrapped with sterile gauze; diapers should be placed under the umbilicus to avoid urine contamination or soaking the umbilical cord; before the umbilical cord falls off the bath water is best used boiled warm water, the umbilicus should not splash water, such as the umbilical cord dressing wet should be replaced immediately. When the umbilical cord infection first starts, disinfect it with iodophor and apply antibiotics as appropriate. If an abscess has formed, an incision and drainage is required. The umbilical hernia is formed when a child’s navel is not completely closed, i.e. the abdominal muscles around the umbilicus are not fully developed or the scar tissue of the navel is weak. Once the abdominal pressure increases due to crying and coughing, a part of the abdominal organs, such as intestine and mesentery, will herniate from this weak spot to the subcutaneous tissue and form an umbilical hernia, which is visible as a spherical or hemispherical, walnut-sized swelling that can disappear when the child is quiet or lying down. It is common in young infants, mostly in immature children and more in girls than boys. On examination, a swelling, usually 2 to 3 cm in diameter, can be seen in the umbilicus. If light pressure is applied, the intestine can be incorporated into the abdominal cavity and sometimes a grunting sound can be heard. Treatment: Most umbilical hernias can heal on their own without any treatment. If umbilical hernia is still seen in children over 2 years old and the diameter is more than 2 cm, they should go to the hospital for surgical repair and treatment. Third, umbilical polyps Medical also called umbilical velvet is a small red swelling that appears in the umbilicus after the umbilical cord has fallen off, which is the result of long-term untreated umbiliculitis, or the umbilicus is mistakenly stimulated by foreign objects such as talcum powder, and a polyp-like cherry red swelling grows in the umbilicus with purulent secretions on the surface. Treatment is: available silver nitrate rod cautery, cautery is ineffective when going to the hospital with laser, liquid nitrogen, electrocautery or surgical excision. Fourth, the umbilical bulge in the umbilical cord area with abdominal organs protruding outside the abdomen, the exterior of the organs only a layer of peritoneum and amniotic membrane composition of the cystic membrane cover, the surface and no skin. The bulging organ is clearly visible in the abdominal wall. If not treated in time, once the cystic membrane is ruptured and the internal organs are exposed, peritonitis and sepsis can be complicated. Therefore, once diagnosed, surgical repair should be performed as soon as possible. The disease is easily combined with intestinal malrotation at the same time, and attention should be paid during surgical treatment. Fifth, umbilical eczema manifested as small red papules or skin erosion and oozing on the skin inside and around the navel, recurring and difficult to disappear. Treatment can be used 3% boric acid solution wet compress, or use Chinese medicine bitter ginseng, ground bark, horsetail decoction wash. Sixth, umbilical overflow, that is, the umbilical secretion of liquid. It is a lesion caused by the abnormal development of the yolk duct or umbilical ureter, and is mostly seen in the following cases: 1. umbilical sinus, if a small short lumen of the yolk duct remains near the umbilical end and opens in the umbilicus, which forms the umbilical sinus, the umbilicus often discharges mucus secretions at this time, and a small round red mucous membrane can often be found protruding, and a short shallow sinus tract may be found in the umbilicus with a probe. Treatment requires surgery to remove the fistula. 2, umbilical intestinal fistula, such as the yolk tube is not closed completely, there are pipes between the umbilicus and the small intestine, called umbilical intestinal fistula, this pipe is small, the umbilicus only a little mucus secretions, slightly yellow; pipe thicker, from the umbilicus out of the stool-like material, stimulating the skin around the umbilicus, can cause erosion. The treatment requires surgery to remove the umbilical-intestinal fistula (yolk tube fistula). 3, the umbilical ureteral fistula is not closed, the bladder and umbilical after birth, called umbilical ureteral fistula, then the umbilicus is leaking urine, especially in the child urination umbilical overflow more obvious, the degree of leakage depends on the size of the fistula. Treatment requires surgery to remove the umbilical ureteric fistula. 4. Yolk duct cyst or umbilical ureter cyst If the yolk duct or umbilical ureter is atretic at both ends and there is a cavity in the middle, then a yolk duct cyst or umbilical ureter cyst is formed. Treatment requires surgical excision. 5. Umbilical bleeding Umbilical bleeding is usually seen in the following two cases: 1. Bleeding from the umbilical cord stump occurs within 24 hours after cutting or ligating the umbilical cord, which is caused by cutting or cutting the umbilical vein due to loose ligature, too thin ligature or too tight ligature. There is also bleeding from residual blood vessels after the umbilical cord is detached. 2, umbilical cord granulation tissue bleeding mostly occurs in the second week after birth, the amount of blood leakage is generally small, if the blood leakage is more than one, then the possibility of bleeding disease should be considered. If bleeding due to hemorrhagic disease is excluded, the bleeding in the umbilicus can be stopped by itself soon after the disposal of the umbilical granulation tissue by local application of iodophor disinfectant and covering with sterile gauze. However, friction on the trauma should be minimized to avoid rebleeding. Sometimes, although the yolk duct is completely atretic, there is a small amount of mucous membrane remaining in the umbilicus, and it will form a bright red polyp with frequent mucous-like discharge, which becomes the umbilical polyp or umbilical velvet mentioned earlier.