Anesthesia, a state between “life and death”, a state that protects the body by suppressing injurious stimuli. The implementation of anesthesia inevitably requires the application of drugs. When it comes to drugs, we all know that “regardless of Western herbal medicine, drugs are three times more toxic”, because the effect of drugs needs to go through pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, drugs are first absorbed (such as oral which may cause gastrointestinal damage, intravenous which may cause phlebitis, etc.), and then distributed; only then can they reach the target organs where we want them to act. However, it is difficult for current drugs to achieve targeted effects, and most of them are multi-point effects (patient organs and normal organs), which is where side effects usually occur (the complexity of the body and the limitations of drugs make it impossible for clinicians to absolutely avoid them), and the last thing we want is for drugs to produce toxic effects, which depends on the clinician’s medical skills and can be avoided. occur. ”The two states of love and anesthesia during surgery seem to be the two Edens of life”. Their positive effects cannot be concealed. How can its possible side effects be minimized with modern technological advances? Basic research and clinical research have been working on it. Before the emergence of modern anesthesia, in fact, doctors have long recognized that some diseases can be saved by removing the patient, but the vast majority of patients die without anesthesia. In order to reduce the stress response, medical practitioners had to use the stick to knock out, bleeding shock and other attempts to explore measures to eliminate consciousness, but the patient still could not safely live. At this time, the earliest and most famous real anesthesia appeared, that is, the anesthesia developed by our medical sage Hua Tuo, but it has been recorded but lost. It was not until the invention of ether that there was a gradual transition to modern anesthesiology, which also led to the vigorous development of surgery. Therefore, anesthesia is ultimately a protective effect, commonly known as “life preservation”, and most hospitals are currently striving to create anesthesia-related mortality rate of 1:100,000 or even 1:200,000. With the application of new anesthetic drugs and the development of new technologies, the original heart, lung, liver, kidney and other transplants that were unimaginable can be implemented. Anesthesia is also no longer just about saving lives, but is more involved in prognosis improvement. There is a consensus that intraoperative temperature maintenance, moderate depth of anesthesia, target fluid regimens, minimal blood transfusion and relatively fresh blood when transfusion is necessary, etc., managed by anesthesiologists can improve prognosis. There is no end to medicine, and there is still much work to be done in the clinic, such as whether anesthetic drugs are harmful to the pediatric population or not. This is the most important concern for our parents and the most important issue for our medical staff. Children lack explicit memory, which can be simply understood as “forgetting the pain after the wound”. Therefore, in the absence of a good understanding of anesthesia at the beginning, surgical treatment under anesthesia is mostly not used or minimized, but follow-up studies have shown that children grow up without memory, but the injuries caused by stress still affect their physical and mental growth. The safety of perioperative children cannot be achieved without anesthesia, and these anesthetic drugs have been shown in animal studies to cause harm to rodents such as mice and other rodents, such as apoptosis, and clinical follow-up studies have been conducted. However, this study could not be completely randomized and double-blinded for ethical reasons, so there are many limitations such as selection bias, etc. Therefore, a lot of work needs to be done for prognostic studies. The analysis of things needs to be dialectical, and there are pros and cons to the overall assessment of the pros and cons ratio and reasonable implementation. In general: it is obvious that the safe implementation of current surgery cannot be separated from the protection of anesthesia, and the prognosis cannot be improved without it. Along with the in-depth study of the complex human body (especially the nervous system), more refinement and optimization of anesthesia management need to be explored.