Mitral stenosis is the most common valvular disease, and its main causes include rheumatic heart disease, degenerative valve degeneration in the elderly, and congenital valve disease. In China, rheumatic heart disease remains the most important cause of mitral stenosis. The earliest symptoms of mitral stenosis patients are nocturnal paroxysmal dyspnea and, in severe cases, seated breathing; in very severe cases, pulmonary edema, coughing, coughing pink frothy sputum, mostly aggravated after sleep or activity, may be accompanied by coughing sputum with blood in the sputum, and, as the disease progresses, heart failure symptoms such as swelling of the lower limbs and scanty urination. Physical examination may reveal typical mitral valve facies, and in severe cases, cyanosis of the lips and bulging of the precordial region may be seen. Irreversible pulmonary hypertension may appear in the distant stage. The traditional treatment of mitral stenosis is surgical mitral valve replacement under general anesthesia with open-heart extracorporeal circulation. The procedure must be performed under general anesthesia with extracorporeal circulation, and the surgical risks are relatively high. Mitral balloon dilatation is a minimally invasive treatment method that is completely different from open surgery. Mitral balloon dilatation is usually performed under local anesthesia, with a Brockenbrough puncture needle delivered through the right femoral vein to puncture the interatrial septum. After successful puncture, the femoral puncture hole and the septal puncture hole are dilated with a 14F dilator, and then a balloon catheter (Inoue Balloon Catheter System) is fed through the guidewire to inflate the balloon and dilate the mitral valve orifice under continuous screen surveillance. The procedure is completed with the patient fully awake, with immediate postoperative results and no significant intraoperative pain and no postoperative wound. Indications and contraindications 1. Absolute indications: moderate to severe simple mitral stenosis, no significant valve deformation, good elasticity, no severe calcification, no significant abnormalities in subvalvular structures, no thrombus in the left atrium, orifice area ≤37.5px2, sinus rhythm, Wilkins integral 8. Relative indications: restenosis after mitral junctional separation surgery, atrial fibrillation, mitral valve calcification, combined Mild mitral or aortic valve insufficiency, Wilkins score 8-12, may be used as relative indications. Mitral stenosis with severe pulmonary hypertension, which is at high risk for surgical treatment and is not suitable for valve replacement, may also be a candidate for PBMV. 2. Contraindications: rheumatic activity, history of embolism in the body circulation and severe arrhythmias, significant deformation of the mitral leaflets, severe abnormalities of the subvalvular structures, moderate or greater closure insufficiency of the mitral or aortic valve, contraindication to atrial septal puncture, and Wilkins score >12. Efficacy Mitral balloon dilatation has been used in clinical practice for more than thirty years, and in 2014 the AHA/ACC (American Heart Association) classified the technique as the treatment strategy of choice for simple mitral stenosis (Class Ia evidence). According to a large number of case reports in the literature, the success rate of this technique is >99%, with >85% of patients not requiring retreatment 3 years after surgery and >50% of patients not requiring retreatment 10 years after surgery. Common patient questions 1. Which patients are suitable for minimally invasive mitral balloon surgery? All patients with simple mitral stenosis can be treated with mitral balloon dilatation. The presence or absence of left atrial thrombosis should be clarified before surgery. About 30-40% of patients with left atrial thrombosis are not suitable for interventional surgery and can be treated by minimally invasive thoracoscopic surgery. 2.Can I do it if I have atrial fibrillation? Atrial fibrillation is not a contraindication to mitral balloon dilation, therefore, patients with atrial fibrillation without combined left atrial thrombosis can choose mitral balloon dilation. Some patients with atrial fibrillation have been reported to revert to sinus rhythm after surgery with medication. It is recommended that such patients continue to take medication after surgery under the guidance of a physician. 3.How much does it cost? The cost of mitral valve balloon dilatation in our hospital is about 40,000-50,000 RMB, which is lower than surgical mitral valvuloplasty (50,000-60,000 RMB) and mitral valve replacement (60,000-70,000 RMB) and is reimbursed by medical insurance or the New Agricultural Cooperative Fund. 4.How long is the hospital stay? For mitral valve balloon dilatation, the average length of stay in our hospital is one day before surgery and 2-3 days after surgery. Therefore, the average hospital stay is about 3-5 days. 5.Do I take medication after surgery? Some patients only need to take medication for a short period of time and do not need to take medication for a long time after surgery. 6.Do I need to operate again? The success rate of this technology is >99%, and >85% of patients do not need to be treated again 3 years after surgery, and >50% of patients do not need to be treated again 10 years after surgery. Therefore, most patients do not need reoperation after surgery, but some patients may undergo balloon dilatation again or open surgery if necessary if mitral stenosis occurs again. We recommend annual follow-up cardiac ultrasound after surgery, and we have established long-term follow-up records for each postoperative patient in our hospital to provide long-term follow-up health guidance.