Common findings of serum protein electrophoresis 1. Hypoproteinemic type Total protein is reduced, albumin is significantly reduced, β-globulin is partially reduced or elevated, and treatment of the primary disease is recommended to increase protein intake. 2, Nephrotic type Patients with nephrotic syndrome have a significant decrease in albumin, a significant increase in α2-globulin, and a possible decrease in β-globulin and γ-globulin. 3, acute liver damage type α2 -globulin and albumin are reduced, especially in hepatitis B, α2 -globulin may be significantly reduced. It is necessary to treat the cause first, then carry out medical monitoring, supportive treatment, anti-infection, prevention and control of bleeding, liver transplantation and other conventional treatment. 4, chronic liver damage type α2 -globulin and albumin decrease, accompanied by an increase in γ -globulin, the degree of change parallel to the clinical manifestations of liver damage, the common cause is cirrhosis. It requires treatment to protect or improve liver function, treatment of complications, and surgical treatment. 5. Acute inflammatory type Increased α1 and α2-globulins and decreased albumin are commonly seen in various inflammatory and stress reactions, acute infections, myocardial infarction, thrombosis, malignancy, trauma, and shock. Further examination is needed to determine the pathogen or disease causing the acute inflammation and to target the use of drugs, surgery and other treatment modalities. 6. Chronic inflammatory type Increased α1 and α2 -globulins, increased γ-globulins and decreased albumin are commonly seen in various chronic inflammatory diseases, malignant tumors, autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases, etc. Further examination is needed to determine the pathogens or diseases that induce chronic inflammation and target the use of drugs, surgery and other treatment modalities. 7.M-protein type γ-globulin zone band location mostly appears narrow, with a narrow peak in the M-protein zone (M band). The normal γ-globulin in the serum almost disappears, mainly seen in multiple myeloma, primary macroglobulinemia, H-chain disease, which requires further determination of the disease type and symptomatic treatment. 8.β(α2)-increased type Increased β or α2 -globulin, commonly seen in hyperlipidemia, patients need lifestyle changes, such as diet control, increased exercise, and medication, mostly using statins and fibrates. 9. Pregnancy type Increased β-globulin and decreased albumin, common in the 14th-36th weeks of pregnancy. It requires regular and good maternity checkups, and reasonable supplementation of protein and other nutrients according to the doctor’s advice.