Tumor patients need more nutritional support Tumor is a kind of metabolic and lifestyle-related disease. Research has found that 1/3 of tumors are related to daily diet and nutrition, and the relationship between digestive tract tumors and diet is even closer. Through proper nutrition and adjusting dietary habits can prevent 30%~40% of tumors. The new concept of malnutrition includes two aspects of under-nutrition and over-nutrition. The relationship between malnutrition and tumor includes two meanings: Firstly, malnourished people are more prone to tumor, simply put, people who are excessively thin (undernourished) and excessively obese (over-nourished) are prone to tumor, and the mechanism involves immune imbalance, metabolic disorder and other aspects; secondly, tumor patients are more prone to malnutrition, and malnutrition caused by tumor is manifested as undernourishment, i.e., wasting and weight loss. The mechanism of malnutrition is due to the influence of tumor itself and the metabolic disorder. The mechanism lies in the influence of tumor itself and the interference of anti-tumor treatment! According to the data, up to 50% of tumor patients have malnutrition when they are first diagnosed. The survey of more than 15,000 cases of patients by the Tumor Nutrition and Supportive Treatment Committee of China Anti-Cancer Association suggests that the incidence of malnutrition in hospitalized malignant tumor patients in China is as high as 67%. Malnourished tumor patients have short survival period, cannot tolerate radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery, have more complications or toxic side effects of treatment, and are not sensitive to treatment response! Therefore, tumor patients need nutritional support even more! Nutritional support should become a specialized treatment independent of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, biotherapy, palliative care and other means, and should become the core part of multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment of tumor and the most basic and necessary treatment measure for tumor patients! Tumor patients improve their nutrition from 8 directions The nutrition of tumor patients includes two parts: daily diet at home and professional nutrition treatment in hospital. Usually, patients can improve their nutritional status from the following aspects: 1. Maintain healthy weight The incidence of tumor in overweight and obese patients is significantly higher than that in normal weight patients. The prognosis of overweight or obese patients at the time of tumor diagnosis and after treatment is poorer than that of normal weight patients because of more difficult tumor control, higher tumor risk, and increased coexisting diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Weight loss is also a negative factor. Gradual weight loss or non-subjective efforts (e.g. diet, weight loss, exercise) is an important indicator of tumor recurrence, metastasis and progression, and tumor patients with weight loss have a poorer prognosis. 2. Moderate diet restriction Epidemiological survey found that restricting calorie intake can make people live longer, prevent tumors for healthy people, and prolong survival for tumor patients. Restricting calorie intake can affect the organism from various mechanisms such as reducing oxidative damage, increasing apoptosis and affecting metabolic enzyme functions, so that blood sugar drops and insulin level decreases, while enhancing self phagocytosis and certain DNA repair processes, thus preventing and controlling metabolism-related diseases such as obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver and diabetes (these metabolic diseases are inextricably linked to the development of tumor The metabolic diseases are inextricably linked to the development of tumors.) We often eat various kinds of meat according to the red and white color of raw meat (before cooking) into red meat and white meat (except salmon, which is white meat despite its deep red color). Studies have found that red meat can increase the incidence of many types of tumors, while white meat does not. Red meat and processed meat should be eaten sparingly. Animal meat contains high quality protein, which is better than plant protein, and we should not skip meat. It is recommended to eat white meat instead. White meat is recommended 2-4 times a week, 50-100g (1-2 taels) each time. In principle, tumor patients should increase protein intake, at least 1-2 eggs are recommended daily, and the yolk of the 2nd egg can be removed for patients with elevated cholesterol. 4. Dialectical treatment of fat Patients without tumor lesions are recommended to moderately reduce fat intake, while patients with tumor lesions are currently recommended to increase fat intake at a rate. Studies have reported that when fat accounts for <20% of dietary energy, it can reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence by 24%, and the effect is more significant for estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. High intake of saturated fatty acids shortens disease-free survival in prostate cancer, and monounsaturated fatty acids (n-9) can prolong survival. n-3 fatty acids can benefit tumor patients by improving cachexia, improving quality of life, and enhancing the efficacy of radiotherapy. Foods rich in n-3 fatty acids such as fish and pecans can reduce the risk and incidence of cardiovascular disease, thus reducing the overall risk of death in tumor patients. The current recommendation: fat should account for 20%-35% of the energy in the diet, saturated fatty acids <10%, trans fatty acids 0. 5. Increase the intake of fruits and vegetables Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, which have good tumor prevention effects on normal people, and can reduce coexisting diseases such as cardiovascular disease for tumor patients, thus prolonging survival time. The American Cancer Society recommends 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily. (One serving of vegetables is equivalent to 100g of vegetables, half a cup of 100% vegetable juice; one serving of fruit is equivalent to one natural unit of fruit such as an apple, a banana, an orange, etc. or half a cup of 100% juice) Cruciferous vegetables, ginger, green tea, strawberries, etc. all have good anti-tumor biochemical properties. Cruciferous vegetables include cabbage: chard, cabbage heart, cabbage, purple cabbage shoots, red cabbage shoots, etc.; kale: cauliflower, cauliflower, kale, broccoli, bulb kale, etc.; mustard: leaf mustard, stem mustard (head cabbage), root mustard (big head cabbage), squash, etc.; radish; aquatic vegetables. Dark green and yellow fruits and vegetables are the richest in phytochemicals. 6, increase grain intake whole grains including (large, small, black, oats) wheat, (large, yellow) rice, corn, sorghum, millet, etc. They are rich in fiber, micronutrients. They are rich in fiber, micronutrients and phytochemicals such as polyphenols, terpenes (lignin), lignin, etc. Phytochemicals have shown good antitumorigenic effects in laboratory studies; they either block tumorigenesis alone or, more likely, in combination. Since the micronutrients of whole grains are severely damaged during processing, for example, vitamin E in coarse grains is reduced by 92% during finishing, so grains should not be refined, and it is advocated that food is not coarse and grains are not mixed. The ratio of vegetarian food to non-vegetarian food is recommended to be maintained at 70%:30%~80%:20% in daily life. 7. Pay attention to food safety Preventing food bacterial contamination is the first food safety requirement for tumor patients. It is especially important during the period of medical immunosuppression caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Patients and food processors, including family members, must follow food safety guidelines to reduce the risk of food-borne illness. These food safety guidelines include: washing hands carefully before meals and food preparation; washing items carefully; separating raw food from cooked food; washing thoroughly any items that have come in contact with raw meat such as fish, poultry and eggs; keeping leftover food at low temperatures (<4 C); ensuring clean drinking water in the home and recommending the use of filters; eating at reasonable temperatures and avoiding hot food to prevent scalding of the digestive tract mucosa; and food Microwave oven and gas steam are recommended for food processing. Boiling, grilling, frying and stir-frying are not recommended, because boiling will destroy a lot of water-soluble nutrients, and high temperature baking, frying and stir-frying will produce a lot of harmful or carcinogenic chemicals such as benzo(a)pyrene. 8.Professional nutritional therapy When tumor patients cannot maintain normal nutritional requirements and healthy weight due to any reason, they must receive professional nutritional support, including oral nutritional supplementation and parenteral nutritional support. Oral nutritional supplementation is the partial replacement of daily food with high energy density food or enteral nutritional preparation, or as a supplement to inadequate daily diet to supplement the gap between daily dietary intake and the target requirement. Smaller and more frequent meals and reduced fluids are recommended. High energy density foods include peanut butter, dried fruits, cheese, yogurt, eggs, cereals, beans and avocados. If the body's needs are still not met by daily intake and oral nutritional supplements, supplemental parenteral nutrition support is recommended to supplement the daily diet and enteral nutrition with parenteral nutrition. Partial parenteral nutrition is of great significance to patients with advanced cancer who have severe toxic side effects during radiotherapy and cannot eat normally.