Hypertension is a common and frequent disease. The early symptoms of hypertensive disease, such as plant nerve dysfunction, often affect people’s normal work and life, while the late complications of important organ damage, such as heart, brain and kidney, can often cause patients to lose their labor force or even endanger their lives. The pathological changes of hypertension are mainly spasm of small arteries throughout the body, subendothelial vitreous changes, narrowing of the lumen, and finally fibrous necrosis, thus reducing the blood supply of many organs and lesions, especially the damage to the heart, brain and kidney. Heart: In the early stages of hypertension, there are no obvious changes in the heart. Long-term peripheral arterial resistance increases, the left ventricular load increases, and the left ventricle gradually becomes hypertrophic or enlarged, which is called hypertensive heart disease and eventually leads to heart failure. Long-term hypertension is often combined with coronary artery atherosclerosis and microangiopathy. Brain: Long-term hypertension causes ischemia and degeneration of cerebral blood vessels, which can easily form microaneurysms, resulting in bleeding. Hypertension promotes cerebral atherosclerosis, which can be complicated by cerebral thrombosis. Occlusive lesions of small cerebral arteries, mainly occurring in the vertical penetrating branches of the middle cerebral artery, cause lacunar cerebral infarction. Kidney: Long-term sustained hypertension increases glomerular intracapsular pressure, glomerular fibrosis and atrophy, as well as renal arteriosclerosis, which eventually leads to renal failure due to renal parenchymal ischemia and continuous reduction of renal units. In malignant hypertension, proliferative endocarditis and fibrinoid necrosis occur in the small arteries and interlobular arteries entering the glomerulus, which can lead to renal failure in a short period of time. Retina: early spasm of the small retinal arteries occurs, and as the disease progresses, sclerotic changes occur. A sharp increase in blood pressure can cause retinal oozing and hemorrhage.