Normal anatomy of the heart

  Left ventricular pseudotendinous cords are fibrous structures attached to the left ventricular cavity other than the cords connecting the papillary muscle to the mitral leaflet. The detection rate of left ventricular pseudotendinous cords has been reported in various literatures and varies greatly from 0.2 to 71% on transthoracic echocardiography, especially in the absence of a large population-based epidemiological survey of the incidence of left ventricular pseudotendinous cords. We studied 1650 subjects to clarify the incidence of left ventricular pseudotendinous in the population group.  Methods We selected 1650 consecutive subjects and applied echocardiographic two-dimensional imaging to detect left ventricular pseudotendinous in multiple planes and angles, and performed statistical analysis on the total positive rate of left ventricular pseudotendinous, the positive rate of left ventricular pseudotendinous between different ages and genders, arrhythmias and non-arrhythmias, and the positional composition ratio of left ventricular pseudotendinous.  Results Among 1650 subjects, 1311 left ventricular pseudotendinous cords were detected, with a positive rate of 79%; a total of 1512 left ventricular pseudotendinous cords were detected. The positive rate of left ventricular pseudotendinous cords was not statistically different between male and female sexes and between the presence and absence of arrhythmias (P > 0.05); the positive rate was not statistically different between the ≥40-year-old group and the <40-year-old group (P > 0.05). Left ventricular pseudotendinous cords starting at the basal septum and ending at the apical segment of the left ventricular free wall accounted for 83% of the total number of strips (1254/1512) and 96% of the total number of positive cases.  Conclusions Left ventricular pseudotendinous cords are highly prevalent in the general population, especially those starting at the basal septum and ending at the apical segment of the left ventricular free wall. The most favorable probe position for detecting this left ventricular pseudotendinous cord on echocardiography is a slight adjustment of the acoustic beam angle in the upper or lower intercostal space based on the long-axis view of the left ventricle next to the sternum.  It is possible that the left ventricular pseudotendinous cord, which begins at the basal septum and ends at the apical segment of the left ventricular free wall, is a normal structure in the left ventricular cavity of the heart; whether its role is to maintain the stability of the left ventricular long axis, to fix the atrioventricular plane, or to act as a branch of the conduction system, as in the case of the right septal meatus, are questions that require further investigation.