NMO is an inflammatory demyelinating disease with a tendency to relapse, which has a rapid progression and a poor prognosis. half of the patients will be blind in at least one eye or unable to walk independently within 5 years, resulting in lifelong disability. Early selection of reasonable therapeutic drugs and regimens can help improve the disease and enhance the quality of life of patients. During the acute exacerbation, high-dose hormone shock therapy for 3-5 d is recommended. For patients resistant to hormone therapy, plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin treatment is feasible. After stabilization, patients may receive sequential oral azathioprine in combination with prednisone to prevent relapse, and mescaline may be used as an alternative treatment for patients who are intolerant to azathioprine. Intermittent (1-3 months) methylprednisolone combined with cyclophosphamide or ethertoquinone shock therapy, or intravenous immunoglobulin therapy may also be indicated. Immunomodulators such as rituximab and acetoglomerate may also be tried for the prevention of NMO relapse. However, interferon B is not recommended for the prevention of recurrence of NMO. It should be noted that the above treatment regimens are currently lacking in large sample randomized controlled studies, and clinical application should pay attention to the principle of individualization, and the effectiveness and adverse effects of patients on drug therapy should be noted so that the treatment regimen can be changed or modified.