With the development of society, the improvement of living standards and the improvement of health care system, the human life expectancy is gradually increasing and the proportion of elderly population is also increasing. At the same time, the health problems of the elderly have become a concern for the whole society. Studies have shown that about 90% of the information that people get from the outside world comes from vision, therefore, eye care is essential to improve the quality of life of the elderly. Let’s start by understanding the eye, the organ of vision. The eye is a sphere about 23.5 mm in diameter and consists mainly of the optical system and the visual nervous system. The optical system, the refractive media of the eye, consists of the cornea, lens and vitreous humor, and once these structures are diseased, the refractive media will be clouded, thus affecting vision; the photoreceptors in the retina are the starting point of the visual nervous system, and after the photoreceptors receive optical stimulation through a complex conduction process in the retina to the optic nerve out of the eye, and then through the optic cross, optic bundle, optic radiation to the optic center located in the occipital lobe of the brain The optical signals are processed by the optic center to form vision. From the complex visual transmission pathway, it is easy to understand that not only retinal lesions in the eye can cause visual damage, but also once intracranial lesions such as cerebral infarction may also cause visual damage. I. Age-related changes of the eye. As the eye ages, the structure of the eye changes, such as the formation of a grayish-white “age ring” at the edge of the cornea, but this change does not have any effect on vision because it occurs only in the periphery of the cornea. In addition, the vitreous body will also undergo degenerative changes, the most common symptom is the appearance of different forms of “flying” black or gray shadows in front of the eyes in a bright environment, clinically known as “flying mosquitoes”, which belongs to the category of physiological changes, generally does not affect vision This belongs to the category of physiological changes, generally does not affect vision . Age-related changes are the most obvious and will appear visual impairment is the lens changes. As we age, the amount of fluid in the lens decreases and the amount of soluble proteins (lens proteins) increases, the lens becomes harder, less elastic, less clear, and increases in size and weight. As a direct consequence of these changes, presbyopia (commonly referred to as “aging”) and contrast sensitivity decrease, making it less clear to see than when you were younger, and you need presbyopic lenses to read books and newspapers clearly. Due to the above mentioned age-related changes in the eyes, older people should understand these medical knowledge and use their eyes scientifically in their daily life, such as avoiding long hours of close eye use, generally needing a ten-minute break in an hour or so, doing more outdoor sports, and adjusting the prescription of aging glasses with regular optometry. In addition, as we age, some eye diseases will increase steeply in old age. The most common eye diseases that can lead to blindness include senile cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration and eye complications caused by systemic diseases such as diabetic retinopathy. Internationally, the name of age-related cataract is “age-related cataract”, which refers to the change of the lens in the eye from clear to cloudy. Currently, age-related cataract remains the number one blindness-causing eye disease worldwide, and China is no exception. So far, studies have shown that the occurrence of cataract is related to age, gender, race, geographical environment, diabetes, family genetic factors, medications, nutrition, radiation exposure, smoking, severe diarrhea, hypertension, and kidney disease, but the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. However, it does not mean that every elderly person can only let cataract occur and develop. In daily life, we should reduce the interference of risk factors as much as possible, such as wearing sunglasses during outdoor activities to reduce ultraviolet radiation to the eyes, paying attention to a reasonable diet to maintain good and balanced nutrition, paying attention to the treatment of systemic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and kidney disease, and resolutely not using drugs that can be used or not used. The elderly should not use drugs that can be used. Once the elderly have cataracts, there is no need to be overly worried. Although the effect of some clinical anti-cataract drugs is not ideal, cataract surgery is the fastest developing and most mature surgery in modern ophthalmic microsurgery. The improvement of surgical methods and the application of new instruments and equipment have greatly reduced the risk of cataract surgery. In recent years, small incision cataract ultrasound emulsification technique is more popular. It crushes cataract into celiac disease and aspirates it through ultrasonic waves, and implants IOLs at the same time. Compared with the previous traditional extracapsular extraction technique, it has the advantages of small incision, fast wound healing, light postoperative astigmatism and fast vision recovery, etc. Generally, vision can be restored on the first day after surgery. Glaucoma Glaucoma is a collective term for a group of lesions characterized by pathologically high intraocular pressure leading to optic nerve damage and visual field defects, and is one of the most common eye diseases in the elderly. Since the visual function damage caused by glaucoma is irreversible, once the lesion has caused visual function damage at the time of consultation, even if effective treatment is carried out, the visual function cannot be restored to normal, therefore, the most important thing to prevent and control the possible damage caused by glaucoma is: early diagnosis and early treatment. To achieve early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma, elderly people must undergo regular comprehensive eye examinations. There are many classifications of glaucoma, which can be broadly classified into acute and chronic according to the characteristics of clinical manifestations. Acute glaucoma has an acute onset and severe symptoms, including eye pain, headache, nausea, vomiting, etc. Patients are bound to go to the hospital once the pain is unbearable. However, this type of glaucoma only accounts for a small percentage of all glaucoma, and the majority of glaucoma patients show a chronic process with mild or even unnoticeable clinical symptoms, which often causes patients to delay diagnosis and treatment, so this type of glaucoma is imaginatively called the “hidden killer.” In addition to regular eye exams, seniors should be aware of risk factors for glaucoma such as hyperopia, high myopia, diabetes, hypertension, and a family history of glaucoma. If they have these risk factors, they should go to the hospital for systematic eye examinations as early as possible. Fourth, age-related macular degeneration Age-related macular degeneration is a kind of age-related multifactorial fundus disease, the older the age, the higher the prevalence, so it is also called age-related macular degeneration. Macular degeneration is a special part of the retina that is responsible for fine vision and color vision, and once macular degeneration occurs, it will lead to severe vision loss and visual distortion. At present, the cause of macular degeneration is not clear, but it may be related to chronic light damage, malnutrition, poisoning, drug effects, immune abnormalities and systemic diseases such as cardiovascular system and respiratory system. The disease is divided into two types according to its clinical manifestations: atrophic (also known as dry or non-exudative) and exudative (also known as wet or discoid). Both types can lead to severe vision loss, and there is no special treatment method at present. In recent years, the photodynamic therapy method and anti-VEGF drugs adopted internationally have certain effect on some patients with wet age-related macular degeneration. The prevention of age-related macular degeneration is also based on the usual eye care, such as wearing sunglasses during outdoor activities to reduce ultraviolet radiation to the eyes, paying attention to a reasonable dietary structure, maintaining a good and balanced nutrition, and eating more vegetables containing chlorophyll such as green vegetables, carrots, wolfberries, etc. V. Eye complications of systemic diseases Hypertension and diabetes are the most common systemic diseases in the elderly. These lesions, if not well controlled, can have a significant impact on visual function. As mentioned above, the three most common blinding eye diseases in the elderly are mentioned systemic diseases especially hypertension and diabetes are listed as risk factors. In addition, such vascular diseases can lead to retinal arteriovenous obstruction and diabetic retinopathy, resulting in fundus hemorrhage and vision loss. If not seen in time, further development of the disease can lead to neovascular proliferative membrane, tractional retinal detachment, neovascular glaucoma and eventually blindness. Therefore, in addition to good control of blood pressure and blood sugar, elderly people with systemic diseases should not ignore the possible ocular complications of these lesions and should have regular eye examinations.