When you turn on the TV, turn to the newspaper, go to the Internet and look at the billboards on the street, you can see infertility advertisements everywhere, which shows that infertility is closely related to people’s lives. Although infertility is not a fatal disease, it can cause personal suffering, emotional breakdown of couples and family discord, and is therefore both a medical and social problem affecting the physical and mental health of both men and women. For every couple who wants to have children, they should first know some general knowledge about pregnancy. The definition of infertility is: a person who has a normal sexual life and has not conceived for one year without contraception is called infertility. Normal conception is like planting a crop, which requires healthy seeds, fertile soil, and good weather conditions. The sperm and egg are like seeds, the uterus is like the soil, and the internal environment of the body is like the sun and rain needed for the seeds to germinate. In other words, the ovaries should be able to discharge normal eggs, the semen should contain normal sperm, there should be normal fallopian tubes, the sperm and eggs should be able to unite in the fallopian tubes to form a fertilized egg, and the fertilized egg should be able to enter the uterine cavity smoothly and be laid in the prepared endometrium. Any irregularity in any one of these processes can cause infertility. Some survey data show that a 24-year-old woman with normal sexual intercourse after marriage has a pregnancy rate of 25% for 1 month, 40% for 5 months, 75% for 8 months, and more than 90% can become pregnant 1 year after marriage. Knowing these general knowledge and figures will help young couples to have a healthy scientific mindset about pregnancy, neither to be overly anxious nor indifferent. In modern society, life is fast-paced, many families hope to get pregnant and give birth according to the plan, sometimes only 2-3 months without pregnancy is very anxious, which is actually not necessary; and some professional women, due to busy work and career development needs, will be pregnant and childbirth plans delayed again and again, is also worrying, because the age is closely related to infertility and high-risk pregnancy, the best age for women to give birth is 25-29 years old, reach or After the age of 35, fertility declines rapidly, the chances of infertility increase, and pregnancy is associated with higher risks, so it is also important not to see fertility as a matter of indifference that is put off again and again. When suffering from infertility, couples should go to a regular hospital for examination and treatment in a timely manner, and not avoid the disease. Some people feel that infertility is something they are ashamed to talk about, so they are embarrassed to go to the hospital and delay the diagnosis and treatment; or they believe in newspaper and online advertisements and go to some private clinics and spend a lot of money on medicine, which costs a lot of money, and some even perform some unsafe tests and surgeries, which also cause harm to their bodies. Remind infertility couples that the key to diagnosing and treating infertility is to find the cause of infertility and then carry out regular and effective treatment, so they must go to a regular hospital for a comprehensive examination, and they should go together as a couple. There are many causes of infertility, among which male factors account for 30%, female factors for 60% and male and female factors for about 10%. The male partner should go to the male department for examination and the female partner to the obstetrics and gynecology department for examination, and at least the following items should be done: 1. Medical history and physical examination of both partners: Both partners should inform the doctor of their health status, history of previous diseases such as tuberculosis, mumps, etc., history of taking drugs, sexual life, menstruation of the female partner, etc., and cooperate with the doctor for detailed physical examination and gynecological examination to understand whether there are painful nodules and masses in the pelvis. This will help in the diagnosis of organic diseases of the reproductive tract. 2. Semen test: Semen test can determine whether there are abnormal sperm, such as oligospermia, azoospermia, etc. 3.Ovarian function test to determine the presence of ovulation: This can be evaluated by basal body temperature measurement, endocrine hormone measurement, B-ultrasound monitoring and endometrial biopsy. The easiest method is to determine basal body temperature, which can roughly determine ovulatory function and luteal function. Endocrine hormone measurements are valuable for diagnosing endocrine disorders such as hyperprolactinemia and polycystic ovary syndrome, and for understanding the basal state of the ovaries; ultrasound monitoring of ovulation is the most accurate and should be performed every 2-3 days when ovulation is approaching, and every other day if necessary to understand follicular development and ovulation. Endometrial biopsy is an invasive test and is not usually preferred. The doctor will decide on one or more methods to monitor ovulation depending on the individual patient’s situation. 4. Assessment of tubal patency: The most commonly used method is tubal iodine oil angiography. It can visually show the endometrial and tubal lesions as well as the peristaltic condition of the fallopian tubes and identify the site of tubal obstruction. In addition, this test can also understand the shape of the uterine cavity and determine whether there are abnormalities and superfluous organisms in the uterine cavity. Ultrasound examination: Ultrasound examination of the pelvic cavity can provide a comprehensive understanding of the morphology and size of the uterus, the thickness of the endometrium and the presence of fibroids, and determine the size of the ovaries, the development of the follicles and the presence of ovarian cysts. 6.Laparoscopy: If the cause of infertility is not found after the above non-invasive examination, the doctor will recommend laparoscopy combined with hysteroscopy, which can find some tiny pelvic endometriosis and do the corresponding treatment at the same time. Through the above standardized examination procedures, the cause of infertility can often be initially determined. Once the cause of infertility is clearly identified, targeted treatment can be carried out. Common causes and treatment modalities are: 1. ovarian dysfunction: including persistent non-ovulation and luteal insufficiency, which are treated by medication to induce ovulation and hormone supplementation during the luteal phase. 2. Tubal problems: Tubal tuberculosis, pelvic infection, endometriosis, etc. can often lead to tubal incompetence. Treatment can be performed by radiation-mediated selective tubal imaging and dysfluxation, or by hysteroscopic tubal mouth cannulation with pressure injection; those with pelvic adhesions and distal tubal adhesions or hydrocele are best treated by combined hysterolaparoscopy. If the tubal lesion is serious and affects the function of the fallopian tube, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer are recommended to help pregnancy. 3. Uterine problems: Common uterine causes include uterine malformations, uterine fibroids, endometrial polyps, uterine cavity adhesions and so on. The above problems are preferred to be corrected by hysteroscopic surgery, which is minimally invasive, with little damage, fast recovery and good surgical results. Uterine fibroids do not always affect pregnancy. Doctors will decide whether surgery is needed as well as the surgical method and surgical route according to the location, size and whether the fibroids affect pregnancy. 4. Endometriosis: The prevalence of endometriosis is as high as about 40% among infertile patients. Treatment requires a combination of surgery and medication. Surgery is preferred to laparoscopic surgery, during which the severity of the lesion is also staged, and postoperative medication is required for severe lesions to improve the chances of conception and prevent recurrence. If you cannot conceive after treatment, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer are recommended to help you conceive. 5. Male problems: semen problems such as oligospermia and weak sperm can be treated with medication according to the cause, and assisted reproduction techniques such as artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer can be used to help conceive if the treatment is not effective. 6.Immunity problem: It is common that the female partner is positive for anti-sperm antibodies in the serum or positive for anti-cardiolipin antibodies. The former can use condoms for 6-12 months or use immunosuppressants, while the latter can improve the conception rate by taking small doses of oral aspirin and heparin. 7.Unidentified causes: those who are not found to be infertile after the above detailed examination are called unidentified infertility. Some cases of unexplained infertility are related to delayed conception and undetected fertility defects, and some are related to immune factors, which cannot be detected by the available examination methods. Some patients with unexplained infertility can still conceive spontaneously without specific treatment. Currently, the main treatment methods are ovulation promotion and artificial insemination. Finally, patients with infertility should be reminded that while actively seeking help from their doctors, they should improve their physical fitness, change their bad lifestyle, quit smoking and alcohol abuse, and acquire sexual knowledge to increase their chances of conception. As mentioned above, the treatment of infertility involves various means such as medication, surgery, immunotherapy and assisted reproduction techniques, which require a high degree of responsibility and skill on the part of medical personnel. Therefore, infertility patients are advised to choose a qualified and reputable hospital for their treatment. These hospitals have advanced equipment, comprehensive examinations, knowledgeable, responsible and skilled doctors, which help patients get better treatment. At the same time, it is also necessary for both partners to cooperate with the doctors in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease in order to obtain the best treatment results and conceive as soon as possible.