In esophageal strictures, especially those caused by malignant tumors, although balloon dilation can achieve certain results, the tumor growth can cause esophageal obstruction again very quickly. If esophageal stenosis is accompanied by esophageal-tracheal fistula, balloon dilation alone is contraindicated, and in the early 1990s, stents were used to treat esophageal stenosis caused by esophageal cancer, with obvious short-term effects. (1) severe esophageal stricture caused by malignant tumor, with difficulty in eating and loss of surgical opportunity or patient refuses surgery; (2) esophage-tracheal fistula or esophageal mediastinal fistula caused by malignant tumor; (3) ruptured esophageal fistula caused by benign lesions, such as trauma, postoperative anastomotic fistula, chemical burn rupture, etc., where conservative treatment fails or surgical treatment is not tolerated; (4) benign esophageal stricture with repeated balloon (4) repeated balloon dilatation for benign esophageal strictures. (2) Contraindications (1) uncorrected coagulation disorder; (2) severe cardiac and pulmonary failure; (3) severe cachexia; (4) severe esophagogastric varices stenting surgery may cause bleeding. 3.Interventional treatment technique Stent selection is extremely important. For patients with esophageal cancer, the choice of overlapping non-slip stent can delay the time of tumor growth into the stent lumen. For the treatment of esophageal tracheal fistula or esophageal mediastinal fistula, it is necessary to use overlapping stents. Benign stenosis is prone to displacement after stent placement, so a non-slip, retrievable stent is preferred. A stent with a diameter of 17-20 mm is commonly used in clinical practice, and both ends of the stent should extend beyond the lesion by about 2 cm, increasing the length of the stent when treating esophageal fistula. After pre-expansion of the balloon, the stent is delivered along the hard exchange guidewire for accurate positioning and then released. Immediately inject contrast agent through the catheter, observe the stent position, degree of deployment, and whether it is patulous and perforated, and keep the data. The selection of pre-expansion balloon diameter should take into account the nature and extent of the lesion as well as the characteristics of stent diameter, support and compliance. It should be conducive to the smooth release of the stent and adequate expansion, but also to take into account the stability of the stent after release. Generally, the balloon diameter is 2 to 3 mm smaller than the diameter of the stent to be placed, and patients with mild stenosis may also be pre-expanded without a balloon. After 2 to 3 days of postoperative liquid diet, gradually change to semi-liquid, soft food and general diet. Swallowing of viscous, hard and large pieces of food, such as intact egg yolk and large chicken bones, is contraindicated. Patients should be advised to eat in a sitting position, chew adequately, and drink more fluids or water after meals. Severe vomiting can lead to stent displacement. Caution (1) Stents must be placed with caution for benign stenosis; (2) High stents may cause significant patient discomfort, and generally esophageal stents should not be placed closer than 3 cm above the cricoid cartilage; (3) Stents passing through the cardia should be anti-reflux stents. The success rate of technical operation is nearly 100%. After stent placement, patients may have a dull pain behind the sternum, which can disappear after about 1 to 3 days in most cases, but the pain lasts longer in a few patients. Especially for patients with esophageal-tracheal fistula, postoperative closure of the fistula prevented further pulmonary infection and improved diet, which improved the quality of survival and prolonged the survival time of patients. 5.Complications (1) Gastrointestinal bleeding: the incidence of bleeding after stenting is about 4-6%, which can be caused by tumor growth or vascular injury, and can be fatal in serious cases. (2) Esophageal perforation: It is rare. However, if it is not detected immediately, the consequences are more serious. (3) Stent dislocation: about 5%. Benign stenosis is common, and the stent can move upward or downward; anastomotic stent and pancreatic stent displacement has a high incidence, and the stent tends to slide downward into the stomach. Asymptomatic stent migration into the stomach can be observed, and most of them can be discharged naturally. (4) Reflux: When the stent is placed in the esophagogastric junction or the esophagojejunal anastomosis, reflux esophagitis is likely to occur, causing symptoms such as burning pain behind the sternum, the incidence is about 20% or less. This type of patients should use anti-reflux stent. (5) Stent obstruction: the incidence is about 10%, which can be caused by food obstruction or tumor growth, and the tumor often grows in one end of the stent, and another stent can be put in to make it pass again.