Patients with odd sleep patterns may exhibit unpleasant or unwanted behaviors during sleep, or experience conditions that are only experienced during sleep. At first, these manifestations of ectopic sleep were understood as individual phenomena or symptoms, and therefore patients with ectopic sleep were often misdiagnosed as psychiatric patients. However, it is now clear that odd sleep is not a symptom, but rather a disorder that encompasses a wide range of different sleep disorders, a large proportion of which can be thoroughly diagnosed and treated. The most common type of heterosomnia is a sleep state dissociative disorder, in which the patient can have a mixture of arousal and NREM sleep states, in which case the patient exhibits arousal disorders, such as sleepwalking or night terrors, and a mixture of arousal and REM sleep states, in which the patient has REM sleep behavior disorders. Heteronormative sleep disorders can lead to “striking” clinical manifestations, which occur when the brain “reorganizes” between sleep states, and therefore these clinical manifestations occur mainly when the sleep states are switched to each other. Considering the complexity of the human neural network, the large number of neurotransmitters and other substances associated with sleep states, and the frequent transitions between sleep states during the wake-sleep cycle, it is hard to believe that the human body can make very few errors in the regulation of sleep states. In addition to the symptoms of sleep state segregation (i.e., the overlapping or even simultaneous appearance of two states), there may be other underlying physiological phenomena that together lead to complex behaviors during sleep. These physiological phenomena include activation of the central motor system during sleep; sleep inertia, a period of disorientation when the patient is awakened from the sleep state to the awakened state, and lack of orientation; and sleep instability, a constant transition between sleep and awakened states. This also shows that the waking and sleeping states are not completely separated from each other, and it proves that sleep is not a whole-brain phenomenon. The most impressive and common symptom for patients with NREM sleep anomalies is that they have a disturbed arousal mechanism and tend to wake up during NREM sleep (i.e., stage III and IV sleep), and therefore often wake up during the first 1/3 of the sleep process, but rarely when nodding off. Sleep phase anomalous sleep is mostly seen in children and its onset decreases with age. Disturbed arousal mechanisms can be caused by a variety of factors such as febrile illness, alcohol consumption, lack of sleep, physical activity, emotional problems, or medications. However, these factors mentioned above can only play a causative role; they can induce the onset of the disease in susceptible individuals rather than being the direct cause of the disease. If symptoms of NREM anomalous sleep persist into adolescence or even adulthood, they are often misdiagnosed as psychiatric disorders. A careful clinical examination and diagnosis of the patient is able to distinguish whether the problem is psychiatric or psychological. Disorders of arousal mechanisms include wakefulness confusion, sleepwalking, night terrors, and so on. Some patients may also eat after falling asleep or engage in sexual activity after falling asleep. Arousal confusion We often see children with arousal confusion, which is manifested by moving around in bed and sometimes by uncontrollable crying and fussing. The sleepy Moet state is also a form of wakefulness confusion. The incidence of wakefulness confusion in adults is about 4%. Sleepwalking Disorder Sleepwalking is most often seen in children, with a prevalence of 1% to 17%, concentrated in the 11 to 12 year old age group, and a 4% prevalence in adults, much higher than what we usually think of as the prevalence. The sleepwalking process can be both calm and agitated, and the complexity and duration of the manifestation varies. Night terrors Night terrors are the most dramatic type of arousal disorder. It usually starts with a creepy scream, with the patient showing extreme panic, followed by a repetition of certain actions, such as banging on the walls, running around the bedroom or running out of the bedroom, for which the patient may suffer physical injuries. The most typical feature of night terrors is that the patient cannot be soothed, and any attempt to soothe the patient will not work and may worsen the condition. Often, the patient has no recollection of what he or she has done, although some patients may remember some of the situation. This internal state of self-awakening and the external state of inability to awaken create a paradox in night terrors. As with sleepwalking, the prevalence of night terrors in adults is much higher than we would generally expect, at 3%. Although in most cases the behavior of night terrors is less violent, there is a potential for violent behavior (Figure 3). This can cause harm to oneself, others, and the surrounding environment. Night terrors can be treated with reassurance therapy, behavioral therapy, or medication. The most well-studied and common type of REM sleep disorder is REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), also known as REM sleep behavior disorder. Patients with RBD do not exhibit decreased somatic muscle tone, a characteristic of REM sleep, so they act accordingly while dreaming, sometimes with violent actions that can lead to serious consequences (Figure 4). Figure 5 shows that patients with RBD show somatic activity during the REM sleep period.