Sleep is as basic a physiological need as food and drink, and everyone needs it, which is why the concentration camps of World War II utilized “sleep deprivation” to brainwash people when they were mentally exhausted. This so-called “sleep deprivation” is only one of the sleep disorders. Sleep disorders refer to the abnormal amount of sleep and abnormal behavior during sleep, as well as the disruption of the normal rhythmic alternation of sleep and wakefulness. It can be caused by a variety of factors and is often associated with physical illness. Normal people have a rhythmic alternation of wakefulness and sleep every 24 hours. Sleep can be divided into orthostatic sleep (non-rapid eye movement sleep NREM) and heterostatic sleep (rapid eye movement sleep REM). Healthy people start to sleep in orthostatic sleep, and then switch to heterostatic sleep after 70~100 minutes, and then switch to orthostatic sleep after 20~30 minutes, and so on for about 4~6 times, and the amount of sleep varies according to the age, and newborns need to sleep for 18~20 hours, children 12~14 hours, and adults 12~14 hours. The amount of sleep varies according to age, with newborns needing 18~20 hours of sleep, children 12~14 hours, adults 7~9 hours, and the elderly generally needing only 5~7 hours. Sleep disorders include sleep disorders and abnormal sleep. Sleep disorders include: not getting enough sleep; wanting to sleep but not being able to fall asleep; poor quality of sleep; waking up early; and feeling unable to get rid of fatigue despite having slept through the night. Ectopic sleep: behavioral or physiological abnormalities during sleep. Primary insomnia: difficulty falling or staying asleep, or waking up feeling unrelieved (feeling inadequately rested even if sleep is normal). Primary narcolepsy: the patient complains of excessive sleepiness, prolonged sleepiness, or episodes of daytime sleepiness. Episodic Narcolepsy: the patient has uncontrollable sleep episodes with transient loss of muscle tone (sudden collapse). Note: “Sudden collapse” is an instantaneous entry into the REM sleep stage, and this symptom involves a REM disorder. Breathing-related sleep disorders: Excessive sleep or insomnia due to sleep-related breathing difficulties, including the following symptoms: Obstructive sleep apnea: the respiratory system is still active but airflow has stopped (snoring). Central sleep apnea: brief cessation of breathing, often associated with a central nervous system disorder. Mixed sleep apnea: combination of obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. Symptoms similar to those of insomnia. Physiological Rhythm Disturbance Sleep Disorder: Persistent or repeated disturbances resulting in excessive sleep or insomnia, due to the patient’s 24-hour sleep-wake rhythm pattern being inappropriate to the rhythm required by his/her environment. Night terrors: occur most often in children and are not a health risk. Typically, night terrors occur during the child’s fourth stage of sleep, when the child has difficulty waking up but screams in response to the shock. When finally awakened, the child may still feel fearful, but cannot remember exactly what sleep mental activity occurred to cause the night terrors. Sleep disorders manifested in the abnormal amount of sleep can be divided into two categories: one is the excessive increase in the amount of sleep, such as narcolepsy or lethargy caused by a variety of encephalopathies, endocrine disorders, metabolic abnormalities, as well as episodic somnambulism caused by brain lesions, which is manifested by frequent short-term (generally less than 15 minutes) irresistible sleep episodes often accompanied by falls, sleep paralysis, and hallucinations before sleep, and other symptoms. Symptoms. The other type is insomnia with insufficient sleep, less than 5 hours of sleep throughout the night, manifested as difficulty in falling asleep, light sleep, easy to wake up or early awakening, etc. Insomnia can be caused by external environmental factors (indoor light is too strong, too much noise around, night shift, car and ship, just to an unfamiliar place), somatic factors (pain, itching, strong cough, drinking strong tea or coffee before going to bed, frequent urination at night or diarrhea, etc.) or psychological factors (anxiety, fear, excessive thoughts or excitement). excessive longing or excitement). Some diseases are also often accompanied by insomnia, such as neurasthenia, anxiety, depression and so on.