It is currently believed that the main risk factors for coronary heart disease in the whole population are the traditional risk factors of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, diabetes mellitus and family history, etc., of which hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus and smoking are considered to be the most important, and some people have estimated that 2/3 of the coronary heart disease is caused by a single or combined action of the three factors, and at the same time, recent development of the research suggests that there are some new risk factors related to coronary heart disease. Factors. Hypertension: Hypertension is considered an important risk factor for coronary heart disease. The degree of atherosclerosis in hypertensive patients is more obvious than that in normal blood pressure patients, and the higher the blood pressure level, the more serious the degree of atherosclerosis. Elevated blood pressure not only accelerates atherosclerosis, but also accelerates small arterial sclerosis, so that vascular occlusion and rupture occurs in hypertensive patients about 20 years earlier than in normotensive patients. Studies have demonstrated that both systolic and diastolic blood pressure are strong predictors of CHD risk. There is no longer any dispute about the dangers of severe hypertension, while the role of mild hypertension is controversial. Most experts believe that although such patients have lower blood pressure levels and are at less risk of coronary heart disease, they account for a large proportion of the population and should not be ignored. Hyperlipidemia: High serum total cholesterol has been shown to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease. This is also true in Eastern populations with low total serum cholesterol. Diet is an important factor influencing serum cholesterol levels, and thus coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality, as confirmed by large-scale autopsy studies and studies of immigrants. The type of dietary fat is also important; an increase in saturated fatty acids raises serum cholesterol, while an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids lowers it. Smoking: Smoking is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. The increase in CHD mortality due to smoking is mainly due to myocardial infarction and sudden coronary death. The results of epidemiological studies show that: the risk of CHD due to smoking is directly proportional to the amount of smoking; the risk of smoking paper cigarettes is greater than that of smoking other types of cigarettes; the results of autopsy studies have found that the degree of atherosclerosis in smokers is much more serious than that of nonsmokers; smoking not only affects the occurrence of CHD, but also has a prognostic impact on myocardial infarction; passive smokers are subjected to the same hazards; the younger the age, the greater the relative risk; smoking cessation can make the CHD risk is reduced. Diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance: Diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C often coexist, and all of these factors accelerate atherosclerosis. Overweight and obesity: Overweight refers to an increase in body weight above a specific standard, usually expressed as body mass index (BMl), i.e., weight kg/(height m)2 ≥ 25 is considered overweight. Obesity refers to a high proportion of body fat, such as more than 25% of body weight in men or more than 30% of body weight in women. After numerous epidemiologic studies, it is now considered to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease, mainly by affecting blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels. are observational studies that have failed to draw a causal relationship.A 1987 review summarizing the results of 43 epidemiologic studies concluded that moderate or vigorous physical activity reduces the risk of coronary heart disease.The CDC’s evaluation concluded that epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory arguments have affirmed an association between physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease by the mechanisms by which physical activity controls body weight, increases glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, lowers blood pressure, improves coronary blood flow, and raises HDL. However, intense physical activity may trigger an acute myocardial infarction attack in those who are not normally accustomed to exercising and who are at risk for coronary heart disease. Regular activity over a long period of time, with short intervals between each session, can protect people from coronary heart disease or from triggering a myocardial infarction by using a large amount of energy; on the other hand, strenuous activity in inactive people, especially those known to be at risk for coronary heart disease or coronary artery disease, may pose a risk to the patient. Frequent physical activity in daily life can protect patients from or against myocardial infarction due to strong physical activity. Therefore it is also important to take this into account when conducting outreach. Behavioral types and mental stress: It has been found that the risk of angina and myocardial infarction is twice as high in men with type A behavior than in those with type B. The same association exists in women. The concept of coronary vulnerability includes physical and emotional reactivity when under stress (including anger, cynicism, doubt, expressed and suppressed hatred). Coagulation risk factor: GPIIIa is the major platelet integrin, which is a transmembrane glycoprotein complex. It acts as a receptor that mediates fibrinogen binding to the platelet surface and subsequent platelet aggregation. A case-control study in the United States observed an association between the PIA2 polymorphism (leucine-33 replaced by proline) in the GPIIIa gene and acute thrombosis, with a prognostic significance over and above the known risk factors for coronary artery disease such as hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, or diabetes mellitus. Homocysteine: Homocysteine (Hey) is a sulfur-containing amino acid produced during the metabolism of methionine, and several case-control studies have reported a high prevalence of coronary heart disease in individuals with high plasma Hcy levels. The European Collaborative Action Plan further recognizes it as an independent risk factor. Lipoprotein (a): The lipid composition of lipoprotein (a) [LP(a)] is similar to that of LDL, and the apo(a) portion of the protein has a multi-kringle structure that is highly homologous to fibrinogen. It interacts directly with fibrin and inhibits the fibrinolytic action of fibrinogen. Structurally, it has thrombogenic and atherogenic potential. Atherogenic lipoprotein profile (ALP): Atherogenic lipoprotein profile (ALP) is a combination of several metabolic abnormalities with a certain genetic basis. It is characterized by an increase in small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL2), which has a strong AS effect, hypertriglyceridemia (TG), and low HDL levels. It is often accompanied by a metabolic syndrome based on insulin resistance (syndrome X proposed by Reaven). Preliminary results from the German PROCAM study suggest that high triglycerides combined with low HDL-C represent the most undesirable type of lipoprotein, which greatly increases the risk of coronary heart disease. Left ventricular hypertrophy: Adverse consequences of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) include poor diastolic filling, altered coronary flow and flow reserve, increased ventricular arrhythmias, and reduced cardiac contraction.