Ozone therapy for disc herniation first appeared in Italy. Professor Bocci of the University of Siena, Italy, conducted a lot of basic and clinical research on the mechanism of action of ozone from the 1980s onwards. In 1988, Verga, an Italian physician, first injected ozone into the lumbaris major muscle and the paravertebral space for the treatment of low back pain; in the mid-1990s, Muto et al. injected ozone into the intervertebral disc and the paravertebral space for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation and reported 93 cases in 1998, of which the efficiency was 78%. Albertini summarized the results of a multicenter study of 6665 cases from 1994 to 2000, with an excellent rate of 80.9%. Ozone therapy for herniated discs is currently performed mainly by percutaneous intradiscal injection, also known as ozone ablation or oxygen-ozone chemiodiscolysis with O2-O3Mixture, which involves infiltrating oxygen-ozone around the nucleus pulposus, nerve roots, and/or ganglia to treat disc herniation. The main principles of ozone ablation for disc herniation: (1) oxidation of proteoglycans in the nucleus pulposus: O3 is a strong oxidant, which can rapidly oxidize proteoglycans in the nucleus pulposus after injecting into the disc, causing a decrease in the osmotic pressure of the nucleus pulposus, water loss, degeneration, drying, necrosis and atrophy, to achieve the purpose of retraction of the herniated nucleus pulposus and relief of nerve root compression; (2) anti-inflammatory effect: the anti-inflammatory effect of O3, on the other hand, is through (2) Anti-inflammatory effect: the anti-inflammatory effect of O3 directly improves the hypoxic condition caused by arterial compression and venous stasis by antagonizing the release of immune factors and oxygen ions in the inflammatory response, and ultimately reduces edema and adhesions of the nerve roots, thus achieving pain relief; (3) Analgesic effect: the analgesic effect of O3 directly affects the widely distributed nerve endings on the surface of the intervertebral disc, adjacent ligaments, small articular processes and lumbar muscles. These nerve endings are activated by inflammatory factors and chemicals released from the herniated nucleus pulposus (5-hydroxytryptamine, bradykinin, substance P, phospholipid A2, etc.), causing reflex lumbar muscle spasm and low back pain, and O3 inhibits the response of these nerve endings to achieve analgesia; (4) Ozone can also produce effects similar to acupuncture-like therapy – chemical acupuncture therapy: by activating pain (4) Ozone can also produce an effect similar to acupuncture-like therapy-chemical acupuncture therapy: by activating the pain sensory inhibition mechanism, thus stimulating the inhibitory interneurons to release enkephalins and analgesia, it can effectively block the vicious cycle between pain stimulation and injury receptors. Currently, the main indications for ozone ablation of disc herniation are: discogenic low back pain, mild to moderate simple inclusive lumbar disc herniation, and contraindications if the nucleus pulposus tissue is prolapsed or free in the spinal canal.