The first is the removal of the epileptic lesion, such as the anterior temporal lobectomy and hippocampus and amygdala excision. There are three major types of surgical treatment for epilepsy: first, removal of the epileptogenic lesion, such as anterior temporal lobectomy and hippocampal and amygdala resection; second, blocking the neural pathways of epileptic transmission, such as corpus callosotomy, subchondral transection and cortical thermal cautery; and third, reducing cortical excitability and increasing the threshold of spontaneous discharge, such as vagus nerve stimulation. After epilepsy surgery, antiepileptic drugs should still be continued for a certain period of time, and in principle, the duration of medication should be at least 2 years, and the type, dose, dosage form and time of medication should be selected under the guidance of a physician. Preoperative evaluation of epileptic patients plays a crucial role in treatment. Preoperative evaluation includes: ① clinical symptoms and signs; ② long-range scalp EEG, pterygoid electrode EEG and nasopharyngeal electrode EEG; ③ video EEG monitoring; ④ intracranial electrode detection: subdural strip or fenestrated electrode implanted cortical EEG monitoring, deep electrode EEG monitoring; ⑤ special hippocampal MRI scan; ⑥ neuropsychological evaluation; ⑦ SPECT can be used during seizure and interictal periods; ⑧ PET-CT, head CT; ⑨ magnetoencephalography, Wata test, etc. The following procedures are mainly used to treat intractable epilepsy: 1. temporal lobe epilepsy treated with anterior temporal lobe, hippocampus and amygdala resection Temporal lobe epilepsy is the main type of intractable epilepsy in adults. The treatment of callosotomy is very effective in the treatment of dystonic drop seizures and is useful for intractable generalized seizures and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, which has a complex and diverse clinical presentation with two or more seizure forms, up to five seizure forms. The EEG is characteristically altered, with varying degrees of intellectual decline. Some children have a combination of sleep phase epileptic G electrical continuity, a group of childhood epilepsy syndromes that often develop into intractable epilepsy. The prognosis is poor. 3. subperitoneal transection or cortical cautery for functional areas For non-functional epileptic foci, resection is used, while for functional foci, subperitoneal transection or cortical cautery can be used to cut the transverse fibers between the cortex to achieve the purpose of treating epilepsy with definite efficacy. Since subperitoneal transection of functional areas is prone to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), low-power cortical cautery is often used instead of subperitoneal transection. 4.Hemispherectomy is suitable for ①Rasmussen syndrome: ②Heparesis with intractable epilepsy and behavioral disorders; ③Sterge-Weber (cerebral facial hemangioma) syndrome; ④Infant hemiplegic convulsion syndrome; ⑤Lateral convulsion-hemiplegic-epileptic syndrome. 5. Vagus nerve stimulation: Stimulation of the vagus nerve changes the electrical potential in the brain to block or even prevent seizures. 80% of patients can have some improvement in their epilepsy, and 40% of patients can have half of their seizures reduced.