Cirrhosis is a common disease in China. Chronic hepatitis virus (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, etc.) infection, schistosomiasis infection and long-term alcohol abuse can all lead to cirrhosis. There is no specific therapy for cirrhosis, which mainly relies on liver protection and antiviral treatment, and there are no effective drugs for anti-fibrosis. As cirrhosis progresses, about 2/3 or more of patients will have complications of portal hypertension. What is portal hypertension? It is a series of syndromes caused by increased resistance to portal blood flow into the liver after cirrhosis and the development of elevated portal vein pressure. The main manifestations are: ① esophagogastric fundic varices about 1/3 of the patients may have rupture of varices leading to gastrointestinal hemorrhage, the morbidity and mortality rate can be more than 1/3, another 1/3 patients will have recurrent bleeding, and the morbidity and mortality rate will be higher after rebleeding. In the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang was “three times angry with Zhou Yu”, causing him to die by spurting blood from his mouth. It is proved that because the Yangtze River basin was a schistosomiasis epidemic area, Zhou Yu probably suffered from schistosomal cirrhosis complicated by portal hypertension, which led to hemorrhage from ruptured varices in the fundic esophagus in a fit of anger. It can be seen that ruptured varices of the fundic esophagus are a clinical critical condition. (2) Splenomegaly and hypersplenism The spleen may become enlarged due to obvious fibroplasia, which may be more than ten times normal. Due to the increased destruction of the spleen, peripheral blood cells may decrease, and symptoms of coagulation dysfunction such as bleeding gums and subcutaneous bruising may occur. What is surgical treatment? The main goals of surgical treatment are to treat and prevent GI bleeding, correct hypersplenism, and treat intractable ascites. The most widely used and practical treatment for GI bleeding is peripancreatic vascular dissection, which has a better hemostatic effect and a low rebleeding rate. Restrictive portal shunts and distal splenorenal shunts are also used with good results. Rebleeding can also be treated with transendoscopic ligation, sclerotherapy injection, and interventional embolization. Removal of the spleen can fundamentally relieve hypersplenism, but very few patients with chronic hepatitis B have myeloproliferative disorders and removal of the spleen does not bring the blood cells to normal, although removal of the spleen is still effective. Ascites treatment is mostly done by intravenous diversion. Liver transplantation is often required in end-stage liver disease, and liver transplantation is the only effective means of completely curing cirrhosis.