In addition to its physiological functions such as lactation and breastfeeding, the mammary gland also has important aesthetic significance. However, this important organ is a disaster area for diseases. In the United States, one in eight women may develop breast cancer in their lifetime, which is the second most common malignant tumor in terms of mortality. The incidence of breast cancer in China is increasing year by year, and the incidence rate in major cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin has surpassed that of cervical cancer, reaching 56/100,000, making it the first malignant tumor in women. Having breast cancer is terrible for most women. Under the current level of treatment in China, most patients have to have their mammary glands removed in order to treat breast cancer, and the pain of losing the mammary glands causes great psychological pressure to patients and greatly reduces their quality of life. However, according to the internationally popular treatment methods, most patients’ breasts can be preserved. I. History of surgical treatment of breast cancer Since Halsted founded radical breast cancer surgery in 1894, modern surgical treatment of breast cancer has experienced more than 100 years of history, and the evolution of surgical methods has changed dramatically with the deepening of the understanding of tumor theory. from 1894 to 1950s, radical breast cancer surgery was the conventional method for treating breast cancer, and in order to pursue better treatment effect Surgeons have tried to expand the scope of radical surgery, and the results showed that not only did the expanded radical surgery fail to improve the treatment outcome, but on the contrary, it increased the complications of the surgery due to the expansion of the procedure. Surgeons also explored the possibility of treating breast cancer with a reduced scope surgery, and the results showed that a modified radical hand had the same therapeutic effect as a radical surgery. Thus by the 1980s modified radical surgery with a smaller surgical scope became the mainstream procedure for the treatment of breast cancer. However, the reduction in the scope of surgery did not stop there, and people began to explore whether breast-conserving surgery could be an alternative to modified radical surgery, and the results of studies in the 1990s showed that breast-conserving surgery was as effective as modified radical surgery. Since this surgery can preserve the patient’s breast while treating breast cancer and improve the patient’s quality of life from physical, psychological and social aspects, this surgery has been rapidly promoted in western developed countries. The current situation of breast cancer treatment in China can be summarized as follows: the overall treatment level is relatively backward, the treatment concepts of different hospitals span a wide range, and the treatment views of different doctors in the same hospital also differ greatly. Nowadays, the majority of breast cancer patients in China receive modified radical surgery, which is at the level of foreign countries in the 1980s, and some hospitals are still doing radical surgery and extended radical surgery, while only a few hospitals carry out breast-conserving surgery. From our experience in promoting breast-conserving surgery in the past two years, the main resistance comes from two aspects: firstly, doctors, many surgeons do not have confidence in breast-conserving surgery and are unwilling to carry out this procedure due to the poor medical environment. Secondly, patients, many of whom believe that the bigger the surgery, the more thorough it is, are not confident in breast-conserving surgery. Even after radical surgery for breast cancer without lymph node metastasis, 5% of patients will still have local recurrence and 30% of patients will die from breast cancer within 10 years, so radical surgery is relative. In contrast, the results of large prospective studies have shown that there is no difference in local recurrence and long-term survival between standard breast-conserving surgery and modified radical surgery after treatment of breast cancer patients. Therefore, breast-conserving surgery is not the same as non-radical surgery, and whether breast cancer is radical or not does not depend on the surgical method, but on the early or late stage of the disease and the effectiveness and adequacy of systemic treatment. In addition, the incidence of upper limb edema and dysfunction is much higher in radical surgery compared with breast-conserving surgery, so it is obviously unwise to lose one side of the breast unnecessarily without getting the effect of radical treatment. Breast-conserving surgery refers to the surgical removal of cancer foci in the breast and the removal of lymph nodes or outpost lymph nodes in the axilla, followed by radiotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells in the breast. The goal is to achieve the same survival rate as radical surgery through breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy, while controlling the local recurrence rate of the affected breast and achieving some aesthetic results in the affected breast after surgery. Since this procedure requires high requirements for surgeons, pathologists, radiotherapists and equipment, and poor treatment of any one of them may lead to high local recurrence rate or unsatisfactory breast appearance, it is only carried out by some doctors in some large hospitals in China. It is well known that any kind of radical surgery will cause the patient to lose one side of the breast, resulting in a lack of shape and causing complications such as edema and numbness of the upper limbs and partial loss of function after surgery. Breast-conserving surgery, on the other hand, preserves the breast, reduces complications by narrowing the scope of surgery, increases patients’ self-confidence after surgery and greatly improves their quality of life, so this procedure should be vigorously promoted for the benefit of breast cancer patients, and patients should have full confidence in this procedure. Our hospital has been applying this procedure to treat breast cancer patients for more than 10 years, and the overall efficacy is satisfactory, with no case of local recurrence, and almost all patients are satisfied or basically satisfied with the postoperative breast appearance. What about those patients who are suitable for breast-conserving surgery? First of all, the patient should have the desire of breast conservation, the tumor in the breast is not a multicenter lesion, and secondly, the size of the tumor is appropriate to the proportion of the breast, and it has not invaded the pectoral muscle and skin. There is no strict restriction on the location and size of the tumor. Because breast-conserving surgery also requires removal of axillary lymph nodes, therefore axillary lymph node metastasis is not a contraindication to breast-conserving surgery. For some locally advanced breast cancer patients with huge tumors, if they wish to have breast-conserving surgery, they can undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy or endocrine therapy and then operate after the tumor shrinks, which still has more than 50% chance of preserving the breast. For some multicenter breast cancer patients and breast cancer patients who are not sensitive to chemotherapy, if they have a strong desire for breast conservation, they can have their breasts reconstructed through postoperative stage I mammoplasty, which does not affect the therapeutic effect of breast cancer and the patients will not have the bad psychological stimulation of losing their breasts. If breast-conserving surgery is not performed with clean excision or without radiotherapy, the postoperative local recurrence rate is higher than that of radical surgery, therefore, the key to this procedure is to have clean cut edges and radiotherapy after surgery. The results of standard breast-conserving surgery are the same as those of radical surgery, and the satisfaction rate of breast appearance is over 80%. In general, patients with the following conditions are not suitable for breast-conserving surgery: multiple foci in the breast and located in different quadrants of the breast; radiation therapy to the affected breast; breast cancer in pregnancy; persistent positive margins of the resected specimen during breast-conserving surgery; patients with collagen vascular disease, scleroderma, and active SLE. The early breast cancer treatment strategy is based on the theory that breast cancer is a local disease in the early stage, with local infiltration and then lymphatic metastasis, and only in the late stage does hematogenous dissemination occur. Therefore, it is believed that early breast cancer can be cured by surgery, and the name of the surgery is also called radical surgery. However, the fact that many patients with early stage breast cancer still have recurrence of metastasis and die from breast cancer after radical surgery does not support this theory. Modern breast cancer theory believes that breast cancer is a systemic disease at the beginning, and it takes two to three years for a cancer cell to develop into a clinically detectable tumor of about 1cm in diameter, and it requires neovascularization, which is enough time for systemic spread and formation of tiny metastases, so it is difficult to be cured by local treatment such as surgery only. Studies have shown that systemic treatments such as chemotherapy and endocrine therapy can significantly improve the survival rate of breast cancer patients and delay recurrence. Therefore, it is possible to cure breast cancer by adding systemic treatment such as chemotherapy and endocrine therapy on top of surgical treatment. The treatments for breast cancer include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy and biologic targeted therapy, of which surgery and radiotherapy are local treatments, while chemotherapy, endocrine therapy and biologic targeted therapy are systemic treatments. The treatment of breast cancer must be standardized and comprehensive, and the biological behavior of the tumor should be analyzed according to various immunohistochemical indexes, so that an individualized and tailor-made treatment plan can be formulated for each patient, such as different chemotherapy regimens according to the patient’s condition and the number of metastases in the axillary lymph nodes; patients with ER or PR(+) breast cancer should receive endocrine therapy; for Her-2(+) breast cancer Patients should consider using biologic targeted therapy, and should adjust their chemotherapy and endocrine therapy regimens, etc. Only in this way can the best treatment effect be achieved. Nowadays, the treatment concept of breast cancer has shifted from “maximum tolerable treatment” to “minimum effective treatment”, which means that breast cancer treatment should adopt a comprehensive treatment plan, and each treatment should be the least traumatic, least harmful and most targeted, while ensuring the efficacy. In other words, breast cancer treatment should be comprehensive, and each treatment method should be the least invasive, the least harmful and the most targeted treatment method, so that the best curative effect can be achieved with the least harm to breast cancer patients. In view of the current situation of breast cancer treatment in China, many doctors do not know much about the comprehensive knowledge of breast cancer treatment, and still use “the most tolerable treatment” or chemotherapy with insufficient dose to ensure the effectiveness, and blindly apply endocrine therapy and radiotherapy, so that patients have endured great pain and spent a lot of money, but cannot get scientific and effective treatment. As a result, patients have to endure great pain and spend a lot of money, but do not receive scientific and effective treatment. Therefore, it is recommended that breast cancer patients should carefully choose the hospital and doctors for treatment.