1. Definition of epilepsy, what is refractory epilepsy? Epilepsy is a group of syndromes caused by a known or unknown etiology in which neurons in the brain are highly synchronized and often have self-limiting abnormal discharges. Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent, seizure-like, transient, and often stereotypic central nervous system malfunctions. Classification of epilepsy is based on the clinical manifestations of seizures and EEG changes. Partial seizures occur in a specific area of the brain. Simple partial seizures do not cause altered consciousness, whereas complex partial seizures cause some changes in consciousness. Seizures with simultaneous involvement of both hemispheres are called generalized seizures. Seizure types that cannot be classified because of insufficient or incomplete information are called unclassifiable seizures. The generally accepted definition of refractory epilepsy is “epilepsy that is not effectively controlled by regular drug therapy. 2. What are the causes of epilepsy in children? The incidence of epilepsy is higher in children than in adults. Any congenital or acquired brain dysplasia or factors that interfere with brain development can cause epilepsy in children. These factors can be genetic factors, lack of oxygen before or at birth, brain hemorrhage due to premature birth or cerebrovascular malformation, brain tumors, brain infections (encephalitis), head trauma, and abnormalities in the body and chemicals in the brain.