AFP normal reference value: serum 0?25ug/L. Clinical significance: ① AFP is obviously elevated in the serum of patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma, and about 71% of the patients have AFP>500ug/L. ② Viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, patients with varying degrees of elevation of AFP, but the level of AFP is often <500ug/L. ③ AFP can be seen elevated in the serum of patients with embryonic tumors of the gonads. AFP can be seen in the serum of patients with embryonic tumor of the gonads. After 3 months of pregnancy, serum AFP starts to rise, and reaches the peak in 7-8 months, generally below 400ug/L, and returns to normal 3 weeks after delivery. If the serum AFP is abnormally elevated in pregnant women, the possibility of fetal neural tube defect malformation should be considered. Normal reference value of CA19-9: serum <37U/ml Clinical significance: ①Pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer, bile duct jugular cancer, serum CA19-9 level is obviously increased, especially in advanced pancreatic cancer patients, serum CA19-9 concentration can be up to 400,000U/ml, and the positive rate is about 7⒋9% ②Gastric cancer positive rate is about 50%, positive rate of colon cancer about 60%, liver cancer positive rate is about 7⒋9%, positive rate of gastric cancer about 50%, and positive rate of liver cancer about 60%, and positive rate of liver cancer about 20%. ②The positive rate of gastric cancer is about 50%, colon cancer is about 60%, and liver cancer is about 6 sung 6%. ③Acute pancreatitis, cholecystitis, cholestatic cholangitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis, etc. CA19-9 is also elevated to different degrees. Normal reference value of prostate specific antigen (PSA): <40ug/L. Clinical significance: ① After surgery for prostate cancer, PSA concentration can be gradually reduced to normal, if PSA concentration does not decrease after surgery or increases again after decreasing, it should be considered that the tumor metastasis or recurrence. ② Prostate hypertrophy, prostatitis, renal and genitourinary diseases, serum PSA level can also be elevated, but must be combined with other tests for identification. ③ In about 5% of prostate cancer patients, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is elevated, but PSA is at normal level. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) normal reference value: serum <5ug/L. Clinical significance: ① Elevated serum CEA is mainly seen in colon cancer, rectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, etc., and there are different degrees of positivity in other malignant tumors. ② CEA continuous follow-up testing, in general, serum CEA concentration decreases when the condition improves and increases when the condition worsens. ③ Intestinal diverticulitis, rectal polyps, colitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis, and lung disease had varying degrees of elevation, but the percentage of positivity was low. ④Ninety-eight percent of non-smoking healthy people have serum <5ug/L. About 39% of smokers have CEA>5ug/L. Normal reference value of cancer antigen 125 (CA125): serum <35U/ml. Clinical significance: ①Serum CA125 level is obviously elevated in patients with ovarian cancer, and it decreases rapidly in those who have effective surgery and chemotherapy. If there is recurrence, the elevation of CA125 can be preceded by clinical symptoms. Other non-ovarian malignant tumors also have a certain positive rate, such as breast cancer 40%, pancreatic cancer 50%, gastric cancer 47%, lung cancer 44%, colorectal cancer 32%, other gynecological tumors 43%. ③ Non-malignant tumors, such as endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts, pancreatitis, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, etc. have different degrees of elevation, but the positive rate is low. ④ Elevated CA125 has been found in pleural and abdominal fluid, and higher concentrations of CA125 can also be detected in amniotic fluid. ⑤ Elevated CA125 is also possible in the first trimester of early pregnancy. Glycoconjugate antigen 50 (CA50): normal reference value: serum <24U/ml. clinical significance: ① Pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, gastric cancer, etc., serum CA50 is elevated, especially in patients with pancreatic cancer, and the elevation is most obvious. ② CA50 is also elevated in hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, breast cancer and so on. (iii) Ulcerative colitis, cirrhosis, melanoma, lymphoma and autoimmune diseases also have elevated CA50. Normal reference value of cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3): serum <28U/ml.Clinical significance: ① Breast cancer patients often have elevated CA15-3, but the sensitivity is lower in the early stage of breast cancer.Other malignant tumors, such as lung, colon, pancreatic, ovary, cervical, and primary hepatocellular carcinoma, also have different degrees of positive rate. (iii) Non-malignant neoplastic diseases of the liver, gastrointestinal tract, lung, breast, ovary, etc., the positive rate is usually less than 10%. Normal reference value of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC): serum <5ug/L. Clinical significance: ①Cancer of the cervix, lung, head and neck, SCC is elevated in serum, and its concentration increases with the aggravation of the disease stage. ② Hepatitis, cirrhosis, pneumonia, renal failure, tuberculosis and other diseases, SCC is also elevated to some extent. Normal reference value of neuron-specific enolase (NSE): serum <15ug/L. Clinical significance: ①It can be used to identify, diagnose, and monitor the therapeutic effect of small cell lung cancer after radiotherapy. When the treatment is effective, the concentration of NSE gradually decreases to the normal level, and NSE rises in the case of recurrence, and the use of NSE rise to monitor recurrence is 4-12 weeks earlier than the clinical determination of recurrence. ② It can be used to monitor the disease changes of neuroblastoma, evaluate the efficacy of treatment and forecast recurrence. (iii) Neuroendocrine cell tumors, such as pheochromocytoma, pancreatic islet cell tumor, medullary thyroid carcinoma, melanoma, retinoblastoma, etc., may also have elevated serum NSE. Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) normal reference value: serum <55U/L. Clinical significance: ① Elevated serum TPA is mainly seen in bladder cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and malignant tumors of digestive tract. Especially, the sensitivity of the diagnosis of metastatic cell carcinoma of bladder is high. Since the level of TPA is related to the proliferation and differentiation of tumor cells, if the level of TPA is reduced to normal, it indicates that the tumor treatment is effective. ② Elevated TPA in serum can also be seen in acute hepatitis, pancreatitis, pneumonia and gastrointestinal diseases. ③ Elevated TPA is seen in the last trimester of pregnancy. β2 microglobulin (β2M) normal reference value: serum <24mg/L, urine <160ug/L. Clinical significance: ① malignant tumors such as liver cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and so on, there is a significant rise in serum β2M, urinary β2M can be also increased. It can be used as a monitoring indicator for the development of malignant tumors. ② Renal diseases such as acute and chronic pyelonephritis, renal tubular inflammation, congenital renal tubular acidosis, renal tubular pharmacological damage, renal tubular heavy metal toxicity damage, etc., urinary β2M increased. (iii) Urinary β2M is elevated in renal transplant rejection. ④Immune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, dry syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, etc., serum β2M is elevated. Normal reference value of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): serum men <5mIU/ml, non-pregnant women <7mIU/ml, pregnant women 6-8 weeks gestation 530-180,000mIU/ml; 9-12 weeks gestation 10,000-320,000mIU/ml; 6-9 months gestation 1,000-190,000mIU/ml. clinical significance: ① is the diagnosis of ①It is a good indicator for diagnosis of early pregnancy, monitoring of preeclampsia and ectopic pregnancy. ② In early chorionic epithelial cell carcinoma and gravida, hCG in blood is obviously higher than the level of early pregnancy. After chemotherapy or curettage treatment, if hCG does not decrease obviously, it suggests that the treatment effect is not good. If hCG decreases after treatment and is seen to increase later, it suggests recurrence. (iii) Teratoma, testicular non-seminomatous germ cell tumor, embryonal tumor can be seen hCG elevation. To summarize, although various markers have their own clinical significance, they need to be analyzed comprehensively in order to arrive at the correct diagnosis. Generally speaking, CEA, NSE, TPA and SCC are checked for lung cancer; CEA and AFP are checked for liver cancer; CEA, CA15-3 and TPA are checked for breast cancer; CEA and CA19-9 are checked for stomach cancer; PSA and PAP are checked for prostate cancer; CEA, CA19-9 and CA50 are checked for colorectal cancer; CEA, CA19-9 and CA50 are checked for pancreatic cancer; CA125 is checked for ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer check CA125; testicular tumor check AFP, Hcg; cervical cancer check SCC; bladder cancer check TPA; myeloma check β2M. Do not suspect cancer when you see a mild increase in a certain index without the basis of pathological cytology diagnosis, which may cause unnecessary psychological burden.