Atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation, as two aspects of cardiac fibrillation, have a high incidence and seriously threaten human health, and are the most hot and difficult areas of clinical research. (a) Anticoagulation and antiplatelet drugs for atrial fibrillation At this stage, the anticoagulation of atrial fibrillation should still be based on the CHADS2 score and the choice of drug anticoagulant warfarin and antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin and clopidogrel. The main anticoagulants currently available are vitamin K anticoagulants (acting on II, VII, IX, and X), inhibitors of activated factor X (Xa), and direct inhibitors of thrombin, depending on the site of action in the coagulation pathway. Because patients with atrial fibrillation require long-term anticoagulation, we expect oral anticoagulants to have high specificity, good efficacy and safety of use, relatively constant effective dose without monitoring, short onset of action, fewer drug interactions, and less susceptibility to dietary effects. A meta-analysis showed that the application of warfarin, the current vitamin K anticoagulant, reduced stroke due to atrial fibrillation by 60%. phillippe reported that it is better to maintain an INR of 2.5-3.5 with warfarin anticoagulation, while Marc Cohen concluded that it is better to maintain an INR of 2.0-3.0 with out-of-hospital anticoagulation. However, Marc Cohen from the United States reported that 65% of patients with atrial fibrillation are still not on ideal anticoagulation therapy; on the other hand, there is a problem of over-anticoagulation with warfarin anticoagulation because of the small treatment window, the need for frequent testing, and drug-drug and drug-food interactions. The overly complicated use of warfarin makes its administration less adherent. Activated factor X (Xa) is an important target during thrombolytic and anticoagulant therapy as the central link in the waterfall effect during the initiation and formation phases of thrombosis. Excitingly, Stuart J. Connolly Hamilton, Canada, reported the results of a 2-year RELY study of a new oral anticoagulant, dabigatran, which broke new ground for oral anticoagulants. The study enrolled more than 900 sites in 44 countries and enrolled 18,113 patients with atrial fibrillation combined with one risk factor for stroke. dabigatran 110 mg twice daily and dabigatran 150 mg twice daily were compared with warfarin, respectively. The results showed that dabigatran 110 mg twice daily was comparable to warfarin in stroke prevention, while the incidence of major bleeding was reduced; dabigatran 150 mg twice daily was better than warfarin in stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation, while the incidence of major bleeding was comparable to warfarin. Other studies of dabigatran and dabigatran esters include the completed REMODEL study (total knee replacement patients), the REMOBILIZ study (total knee replacement patients), and the ERENOVATE study (total hip replacement patients); ongoing studies include the RENOVATE II study (total hip replacement patients), the RECOVER study (acute pulmonary vein embolism patients), and the RENOVATE II study (total hip replacement patients). pulmonary vein embolism), the REMEDY study (secondary prevention in patients with pulmonary vein embolism), the RESONAT study (secondary prevention in patients with pulmonary vein embolism), and the EREDEEM study (post-myocardial infarction patients). The AMADEUS study comparing the new Xa inhibitor idraparinux 2.5 mg per week subcutaneously with vitamin K anticoagulant had to be terminated prematurely because it was found that idraparinux could cause massive bleeding with prolonged application, especially in older patients and in those with renal insufficiency. Idrabiotaparinux, a biotinylated form of idraparinux, is an indirect and long-acting inhibitor of factor Xa activity. of anticoagulant. The drug is effective when administered subcutaneously only once a week, has good patient compliance, does not require blood clotting tests, and has no drug-drug or drug-food interactions. And the application of avidin specifically and immediately reverses the anticoagulant effect of idrabiotaparinux. The results of clinical studies with more than 25,000 patients with VTE and atrial fibrillation on idrabiotaparinux and/or idraparinux will soon be available. BOREALIS-AF is studying the dose adjustment of idrabiotaparinux in different patients, enrolling approximately 10,000 patients with atrial fibrillation; CASSIOPEA is specifically studying the effect of idrabiotaparinux on pulmonary embolism. The effect of Idrabiotaparinux on pulmonary embolism. In conclusion, drabiotaparinux and dabigatran have the potential to become antithrombotic agents for the treatment of atrial fibrillation and venous thrombosis after aspirin, clopidogrel, warfarin, low molecular heparin, sulforaphane sodium, and bivalirudin. For antiplatelet agents, Paulus K highlighted the ACTIVE study: although the ACTIVE W study showed that the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin was inferior to oral anticoagulants in patients at intermediate and high risk of stroke, ACTIVE A showed that in patients with atrial fibrillation, with a CHADS2 score of more than 1 (including 1), the results showed that the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin was effective reduce the risk of vascular events, especially stroke, in atrial fibrillation. In patients with atrial fibrillation who are unable to take oral warfarin, clopidogrel in combination with aspirin is a more effective treatment option than aspirin. The combination of clopidogrel and aspirin significantly reduced major vascular events by 11% (P=0.014) and the benefit lasted for more than 4 years.