Although the surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation (lumbar herniation) can remove the herniated disc more completely, enlarge the narrowed spinal canal and nerve root canal, and fully release the nerve root compression, the rate of excellent efficacy can reach 75%-95% in the short term, but due to postoperative complications such as autoimmune inflammatory reaction and scar formation, clinical symptoms exist to varying degrees in 10%-40% of cases in the long term, and serious cases This is clinically referred to as failedbacksurgerysyndromeFBSS, which broadly refers to patients with persistent pain or other discomfort in the lower back, buttocks or lower extremities after laminectomy or lumbar disc removal. The occurrence of FBSS not only aggravates the pain of patients and increases the economic burden of patients and families, but also often leads to doctor-patient disputes, which should be given great attention. The causes of FBSS are very complex, such as missed diagnosis of preoperative complications, surgical positioning or technical errors, postoperative secondary disc herniation or secondary lumbar spinal stenosis, autoimmune inflammatory reaction, and epidural scar formation. Among them, postoperative autoimmune inflammation and epidural scar formation are considered to be the common and important causes of FBSS. Recent studies have found that type I and II collagen, glycoproteins and cartilage endplate matrix of intervertebral disc tissue are autoantigenic and that patients with lumbar synostosis have abnormal cellular and humoral immune responses. Exposure of the autoantigens of the disc tissue after surgery, which triggers an autoimmune inflammatory response and leads to recurrence of lumbar pain, cannot be predicted before surgery. In addition, after laminectomy, the resulting local damage is repaired by proliferation of fibrous tissue rather than regeneration of anatomical structures, so fibrous scarring is an inevitable product of laminectomy. Its repair process is granulation tissue in the early stage and scar tissue in the late stage. The human laminectomy is a scar repair process. In this way, after laminectomy, it leads to fibrosis around the dura and nerve roots at the laminectomy site, and a large amount of scar makes the dura and the tissue around the nerve roots and sacrospinous muscle adhere together, pulling and compressing the nerves and causing clinical symptoms. Furthermore, about 61.6% of patients with lumbar synostosis have varying degrees of lateral saphenous fossa stenosis and are often associated with vertebral microarticular hyperplasia, ligamentous hypertrophy and calcification. For this complex lumbar spine disease, it is difficult to eliminate all the causes of the disease with only one surgery, and even surgery often leads to a loss of care. This is an important reason why the incidence of FBSS remains high. Treatment countermeasures Surgery has long been advocated for FBSS, but recent studies have found that although reoperation can loosen and remove scar and adhesions, adhesions and scars are recreated 3 to 6 months after surgery, and eventually most patients do not have significant improvement in symptoms, which generally recur and worsen 8 to 16 months after surgery, causing radiating pain in the lower extremities plus lumbosacral pain. As the basic and clinical research on FBSS continues to deepen and a large number of clinical practices illustrate, it is difficult to avoid the occurrence of FBSS, especially the autoimmune inflammatory reaction, which cannot be eliminated by surgery, regardless of whether traditional or nontraditional surgery is used to treat lumbar synostosis. In recent years, some scholars have turned to explore modified surgical procedures for lumbar synostosis, mainly vertebroplasty, and have achieved certain clinical results. And more scholars have reported satisfactory results using non-surgical methods to treat lumbar synostosis and FBSS. Therefore, more and more doctors, advocating strict control of the indications for surgery, use conservative therapy and seek non-surgical treatment for lumbar synostosis, except for the occurrence of cauda equina syndrome in lumbar synostosis, consider surgery only when conservative treatment is ineffective to avoid or reduce the occurrence of FBSS. For the two most common causes of FBSS, i.e. autoimmune inflammation and scar formation, we mostly use a combination of anti-inflammatory and analgesic, blood-activating and blood-stasis-eliminating herbal medicines, which can not only inhibit or eliminate inflammation, but also improve local tissue microcirculation, remove necrotic tissue and accelerate tissue repair. At the same time, it can also inhibit the hyperactive collagen synthesis of fibroblasts, make the fibroblasts mature and loosen the hardened collagen fibers. This promotes tissue repair and achieves satisfactory results, enabling many FBSS patients to avoid the pain of reoperation.