Swallowing is a series of reflexes involving nerves and muscles, and different degrees of dysphagia can occur once the relevant nerves and muscles have abnormal lesions. The mechanism of dysphagia is complex, and it is clinically divided into two major types: oropharyngeal dysphagia and esophageal dysphagia. Oropharyngeal dysphagia: including central dysphagia and peripheral dysphagia. The main symptoms are delayed swallow initiation or inability to initiate swallowing, choking and coughing after swallowing, nasopharyngeal reflux, repeated swallowing to clear the pharynx, and difficulty in swallowing in severe cases. It often occurs in central nervous system lesions, such as stroke, craniocerebral trauma, medullary palsy and cricopharyngeal muscle spasm caused by central neuropathy can lead to abnormal swallowing and uncoordinated airway closure resulting in dysphagia. It can also occur in peripheral neuropathy, such as myasthenia gravis, which causes pharyngeal muscle contraction incompetence resulting in abnormal swallowing. Esophageal dysphagia: including mechanical dysphagia and dynamic dysphagia. The main manifestation is that the swallowing is unfavorable in the early stage, and gradually worsens in a short period of time, mostly when eating solid food with difficulty in swallowing, requiring water to pass, sometimes vomiting mucus after the occurrence of obstruction and choking, or blockage behind the sternum when swallowing. It often occurs when the esophagus is narrowed by injury, such as after the esophageal chemical agent burns and other external factors. It can also occur in intra-esophageal and extra-esophageal lesions, such as esophageal smooth muscle tumor, esophageal cancer, and esophageal stenosis caused by external pressure on the esophageal wall, such as lung tumors, mediastinal tumors, thyroid tumors and other head and neck tumors with metastatic lymph nodes compressing the esophagus and causing dysphagia, and cervical spine degeneration can also cause abnormal swallowing. Factors related to the dynamics of the esophagus itself, such as cricopharyngeal dystocia, cardia dystocia, pharyngeal-esophageal diverticulum, and diffuse esophageal spasm. In addition, surgery on the oral cavity and head and neck may destroy the normal swallowing tissue structure or cause laryngeal lift malfunction due to fibrosis of the neck muscles after radiotherapy for head and neck tumors, which may affect the opening of the esophageal entrance due to the inability of the epiglottis to cover the vocal cords in time. The treatment of dysphagia is based on a variety of factors and should be based on the principle of etiological treatment combined with symptomatic treatment.