Dysphagia can occur with esophageal cancer (commonly known as choking), but there are many causes of dysphagia that are not unique to esophageal cancer. Then, which diseases can present dysphagia? The main ones are as follows: 1. It is esophageal cancer. This disease is prevalent in middle-aged and old-aged men, often with family history and the habit of eating dry and rough, spicy and hot, pickled and smoked barbecue or addicted to alcohol and fast food. There is obstruction, retrosternal discomfort or pain during eating. Barium esophageal fluoroscopy is suspicious for this disease; gastroscopy and pathological biopsy can confirm the diagnosis of esophageal cancer. 2. Non-specific esophagitis. This disease is related to diet, nutrition and hygiene. The main pathological changes are inflammatory changes such as congestion, edema, roughness and thickening of esophageal mucosa. When eating, there is stinging or burning pain from the pharynx along the back of the sternum to the lower part of the xiphoid process, and there is difficulty in swallowing of varying severity. 3.It is esophageal hiatal hernia. Thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity separated by the diaphragm, the esophagus from the thoracic cavity into the abdominal cavity and the stomach, which passes through the diaphragm called esophageal hiatus. In the elderly, the diaphragm is atrophied and the hiatus is weak. When the abdominal pressure increases, such as when straining to defecate, coughing, or sneezing, part of the stomach contents will enter the thoracic cavity through the hiatus, resulting in esophageal hiatal hernia. This disease is often complicated by inflammation or ulceration of the lower end of the esophagus, resulting in difficulty in swallowing. 4, is reflux esophagitis. The cause of the disease is cardia sphincter dysfunction, acidic gastric contents (mainly gastric acid) or alkaline duodenal contents (mainly bile, pancreatic fluid) reflux into the esophagus, corrosion of the esophageal mucosa, causing the lower esophageal mucosa congestion, edema, vesiculation, ulceration, and even bleeding. After the ulcer heals, a scar is formed, causing esophageal stenosis, which leads to dysphagia. 5.It is esophageal cardia achalasia. Esophageal cardia dystrophy, also known as cardia spasm and megaesophagus, is a disease due to esophageal neuromuscular dysfunction, which is mainly characterized by lack of peristalsis in the esophagus, high pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter and weakening of the relaxation response to the swallowing action. Clinical manifestations include dysphagia, food regurgitation and lower retrosternal discomfort or pain. Barium esophageal fluoroscopy can make a clear diagnosis. In addition, esophageal diverticulum, esophageal compression (e.g., left atrial hypertrophy, etc.), myasthenia gravis, lingual pharyngeal vagus nerve paralysis, scleroderma, and other conditions can cause dysphagia. Therefore, when encountering patients with dysphagia, we should not blindly conclude esophageal cancer, but should promptly use barium esophageal radiography, gastroscopy and/or pathological biopsy to make a clear diagnosis, so as to provide a basis for rational treatment.