In daily life, parents occasionally notice flushed skin, localized hard knots or boils around the anus of their infants when changing diapers. If parents ignore this condition or do not pay enough attention to it, it often brings more harm to the infant’s health. Flushing of the skin around the anus and the appearance of localized hard nodes or boils are often the first signs of a perianal abscess. Perianal abscess is an acute purulent infection in the soft tissues around the anal canal and rectum or in the interstitial space around them, and forms an abscess, and is a common anorectal disease in pediatric patients. It mostly occurs in the neonatal period or infancy. This is because the skin of infants and young children is delicate and has low resistance, especially the skin around the anus, which is often contaminated by feces when the stool is thin and frequent and the perianal area is not well cared for. Local infection in the anus spreads to the surrounding tissues and forms a perianal abscess. Generally, perianal abscesses are formed in deeper tissues, and touching them may cause the child to cry, and some of them have small local hard nodules, which parents need to examine carefully to detect at this period. Later on, as the abscess develops, the abscess may penetrate into the perirectal tissues, leading to redness and swelling of the skin around the anus, and some of them can be seen to have boils formed around the anus (redness and swelling of one side of the labia majora may occur in girls), which can generally be detected by the child’s family during this period and is also the period when serious treatment is necessary. Some parents do not pay attention to the abscess when they see that the abscess becomes smaller after the skin of the abscess breaks down on its own, thinking that the condition has improved. Little do they know that it is very difficult for a broken wound to really heal. In this case, the skin of most children’s abscesses heals on the surface, but the inflammation in the abscess is not controlled and it is easy to have recurrent attacks. In some cases, the abscess worsens, the inflammation spreads to the rectum, penetrates the rectum and forms an anal fistula. Therefore, perianal abscesses need to be treated early and actively. If the condition is allowed to progress or is not treated properly, it can lead to the formation of low anal fistula or sciatic rectal fossa abscess, and even worse, systemic sepsis and septicemia, which increases the difficulty of treatment and the suffering of the child. The cause of anal fistula in infants and children is not fully understood, but experts concluded that it may be related to the following factors. 1, neonatal immune insufficiency, such as neonatal physiological lack of immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin A, etc., and therefore prone to perianal infection, the formation of anal fistula. 2, newborns, especially boys affected by maternal hormonal imbalance, so that the sebaceous gland hypersecretion, easy to cause anal seborrhea, infection into perianal abscess and anal sinus. 3, children often due to diaper dermatitis, stimulation of perianal skin, resulting in hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous gland infection, the formation of perianal subcutaneous abscesses and anal sinus and the formation of anal fistula. Therefore, the incidence of perianal abscesses in infants and young children is one of the peak ages from birth to 1 year old, and it is normal for children to have perianal abscesses. According to domestic and international statistics, the incidence of perianal abscess in infants and children within 6 months after birth accounts for 2/3 of pediatric perianal abscesses; the incidence is highest within 3 months after birth, with the most common incidence within 1 month after birth. There are more males than females, with males accounting for 80%-90% of cases. In infants and young children, the fistulae are mostly on both sides of the anus, and the fistulae are mostly shallow, simple, and vertical. Complex and deep fistulas are less common, and some children can heal on their own without treatment, and can recur when they become adults. The treatment of perianal abscess should be symptomatic, and different treatment principles should be used according to three different stages: 1. abscess has not become: when only subcutaneous inflammatory reactions are seen; conservative treatment can be used, with warm water sitz bath 2-3 times a day, and local anti-inflammatory and anti-swelling treatment such as topical application of drugs. 2. abscess has become: incision and drainage of pus, strengthening intracavitary drainage and changing medication to prevent recurrent infection. 3.Anal fistula has been formed: fistulotomy treatment is feasible when the child grows older. For the prevention of perianal abscess in infants and young children, the following recommendations are made: 1. Choose new cotton cloth with soft texture and good moisture-absorbing properties for diapers, or choose disposable “diapers”, and do not use diapers to wipe your child’s buttocks, let alone wipe it with force. The child’s diapers should be washed and dried regularly, and after the bowel movement, first wipe with sterilized toilet paper, and then wash and dry with warm water. For baby girls wipe should pay attention to the front to back, cleaning should be done first wash the vulva, after washing the anus, to avoid contamination of the vulva. 2, infants and children diarrhea easily cause skin damage around the anus, causing the possibility of perianal abscess. Therefore, attention should be paid to the child’s stool and early treatment of diarrhea. 3.Adjust the diet: eat a balanced diet, add complementary foods on time, strengthen nutritional support, and maintain the normal level of systemic immunity. 4.The number of stools will increase in infants who are exclusively breastfed, and if coupled with improper perianal care, perianal abscess will be induced, and the diet needs to be adjusted in time, and if necessary, formula feeding can be mixed to reduce the number of stools.