1. Preoperative clinical staging is required to determine the likelihood of complete surgical resection, which includes CT scanning of the chest and abdomen, whole-body PET (PET-CT is preferred), and ultrasound endoscopy. (The latter two examinations are not yet available in most hospitals in China or are unaffordable to patients. (The latter two tests are not yet available in most hospitals in China or the patients cannot afford the expensive cost of the test, but hospitals with the above test equipment should recommend these tests to patients with financial conditions, especially PET-CT can effectively avoid futile operation-an operation that results in the death of the patient within 1 year after the operation regardless of the cause. Li Jindong, Department of Thoracic Surgery