When there is no obvious organic pathology in the eye and the best corrected visual acuity in one or both eyes is lower than the corresponding age-specific visual acuity, it is called amblyopia, or when the visual acuity of both eyes differs by 2 lines or more and the eye with the lower visual acuity is amblyopic. Amblyopia leading to blindness is uncommon, but it can happen. Children’s vision develops and matures gradually. During the development of the visual system, there is a stage when they are particularly sensitive to external stimuli, called the sensitive period, which is from 0 to 12 years old, of which 0 to 3 years old is the critical period. If the light stimulation entering the eye during the critical period of visual development is not sufficient, depriving the macula of the opportunity to form clear objects and/or the competition between clear and blurred objects caused by unequal visual input from both eyes, it will lead to the occurrence of amblyopia. The most common causative factors are strabismus, refractive error, or refractive interstitial clouding. A few can also be caused by congenital factors. The principles of amblyopia treatment are to eliminate inhibition, improve visual acuity, and correct eye position in order to restore visual function in both eyes. The treatment effect of amblyopia is related to age and the nature of fixation, which is better at the age of 5-6 years and worse after the age of 8 years. In summary, amblyopia is an eye disease that seriously endangers the visual function of children, and some amblyopia can be restored to normal through treatment, the earlier it is found, the more timely the treatment, the better the prognosis, if not treated in time can cause aggravation of amblyopia, or even blindness.