The diagnosis of epilepsy is not difficult, first to determine whether it is epilepsy, second to determine the type of seizure, and finally to identify the cause or the site of brain injury. However, in about l/3 of patients clinically, after multiple examinations and attempts to detect evidence by instruments, only seizures are seen and no abnormalities are seen in the examination indicators. Therefore, a detailed, complete, accurate and clear medical history, physical and neurological examination, EEG examination and relevant laboratory tests are the most important diagnostic bases. In the diagnosis, the following questions should be clarified: ① whether the seizure symptoms are epilepsy; ② if it is epilepsy, what type of seizure is it, and whether it is a special epilepsy syndrome; ③ if it is epilepsy, whether there is an epileptogenic focus, whether there are triggering factors, and what the triggering factors are. The detailed medical history mainly depends on the patient’s family members or witnesses to make a correct diagnosis in close cooperation with the physician, so as to receive timely and effective treatment and prevent the aggravation of the disease. In fact, a considerable number of patients hope to get the basis for diagnosis from certain instruments, but there are 5%-20% of patients with seizures with normal EEG, it is important to look at the clinical symptoms, so as not to delay treatment and make the condition aggravated before starting treatment, which is extremely wrong understanding and should be given sufficient attention. 1, medical history: the exact medical history is the key to get the diagnosis, so it is very important. In most cases, the doctor cannot see the patient’s condition during the attack, so the doctor must obtain the cooperation of the patient’s family and try to provide a thorough, objective and accurate medical history. Do not be ambiguous, do not speculate, do not exaggerate the condition, and do not deliberately conceal it. The medical history includes the present medical history, personal history, past history and family history. ①Present history: carefully describe the seizure, such as the presence of aura; seizure consciousness, facial color, breathing, language, seizure form and performance of eyes, face, limbs and various parts of the body; seizure duration, severity, incontinence, etc.; whether there is post-seizure drowsiness, paralysis and headache; seizure hour, cycle length, the relationship between seizure and sleep cycle, menstrual cycle, seasons, etc. and the presence of This is helpful in determining the type of convulsions, confirming the diagnosis of epilepsy, and formulating a long-term treatment plan. It is also important to describe the interictal and recovery periods, EEG and other tests, treatment, and medications. For example, what antiepileptic drugs have been used, their dose, duration of administration, blood levels, replacement, toxic effects, and treatment outcome. The history of pediatric epilepsy is often provided by the child’s parents. If they were not present when the child had a seizure, it is best to ask a witness to describe the seizure, and if the child has had multiple seizures, ask the parents to describe in detail the one they observed most carefully, rather than talking about each one in general. In addition to the time and frequency of seizures, the presence or absence of aura, triggers, and post-seizure status, special attention should be paid to the form of seizures and the state of consciousness during seizures, which is an important basis for identifying generalized or partial seizures. Partial seizures generally do not have loss of consciousness, while complex partial seizures do not have loss of consciousness, but have impaired consciousness. If a partial seizure generalizes to a generalized seizure, there is loss of consciousness. Tonic-clonic seizures, myoclonic, tonic, clonic, atonic and aphasic seizures are all generalized seizures, and these seizures have loss of consciousness and often fall during the seizure (aphasic seizures do not fall). ② Personal history: The main experiences of the patient should be understood, including place of residence, occupation, type of work and ability to work. If married, the health status of their spouse and children. Hand and foot habits (left-lipped or right-lipped), smoking and drinking habits, and any history of exposure to epidemic water and endemic diseases. In addition, it is sometimes necessary to understand the patient’s personality traits and lifestyle, interpersonal relationships, environmental adaptation, and psychological reactions. The personal history of childhood epilepsy should include the presence of infections, pre-eclampsia, and other discomforts during the mother’s pregnancy. All larger events at the time of birth and early development of the child should be described, such as whether the child was born at full term, with or without asphyxia, birth injuries, intracranial hemorrhage, severe jaundice, intracranial infection, encephalitis, meningitis; any severe head trauma, any high fever convulsions, and any poisoning. The presence of any special hazards (both physical and emotional) suffered before the convulsions, the presence of fever, ear infections, central nervous system infections and other potential causes, and the intelligence of the child. These are important clues for etiological diagnosis and treatment. ③Past history: Inquiries are required about the patient’s diseases of all systems, including trauma, infection, allergy, poisoning, cardiovascular disorders, etc. ④Family history: It is also necessary to inquire about the family history. The presence of epileptic patients in the paternal and maternal relatives of the child should be reported truthfully and in detail, which is beneficial for diagnosis and treatment as well as for determining the prognosis. The pathophysiological abnormality of epilepsy is the instability of the neuronal membrane potential, forming a depolarization shift phenomenon and manifesting as abnormal discharges. The EEG is a specialized technique to study the bioelectric activity of the brain, i.e., the bioelectric activity already present in the brain cells is triggered by electrodes on the scalp and recorded on paper after amplification, forming a curve with certain graphics. It reflects the functional state of the brain at any given moment. Under normal conditions, these bioelectrical activities are very small and difficult to record with ordinary instruments. The waveforms recorded by current EEG machines are the result of amplification by a factor of 1 million, and EEG can be expressed in terms of waveform, amplitude, frequency and phase. The EEG changes when there are pathological or functional changes in the brain. This is because abnormal discharges must be present during seizures and can be recorded during interictal periods. According to statistics, about 80% of patients with epilepsy have EEG abnormalities, while only 5% to 20% of patients with epilepsy can have normal EEGs between seizures. If the examination can be repeated, using appropriate evoked tests and special electrodes, the positive rate can be 90% to 95%. Therefore, EEG examination is very important for the diagnosis, localization and characterization of epilepsy, determination of the type and observation of the efficacy. Any spikes, spikes, spikes and slow waves, spikes and slow waves and multiple spikes and slow waves on the EEG are collectively called epileptiform waves, also called epileptiform discharges or epileptiform waves, and also called seizure waves.