I. Calcium antagonists: Calcium antagonists, also known as calcium channel blockers, mainly by blocking the calcium channels on the cell membrane of cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle, inhibit the inward flow of extracellular calcium ions, so that the intracellular calcium ion level is reduced and cause changes in cardiovascular and other tissue and organ function drugs. Representative drugs include: nifedipine, amlodipine, felodipine. Such as nifedipine and a variety of extended-release tablets, controlled-release tablets, nifedipine, amlodipine (Loxodipine), Boeotin, Degoxin, Nifedal, Slepine, Bexin, Bexin, Annezin, etc. Drug characteristics: It has obvious antihypertensive effect on mild and moderate hypertension, the higher the blood pressure, the more obvious the effect, but does not reduce normal blood pressure. Because it can dilate blood vessels, it is especially suitable for patients with atherosclerosis. It also has an organ-protective effect and is the main antihypertensive drug for diabetic patients. Adverse effects and side effects: 1. The effect on the heart is mainly to inhibit the second-phase calcium ion inward flow during myocardial depolarization, reduce intracellular calcium, weaken myocardial contractility, reduce myocardial oxygen consumption, and inhibit calcium inward flow in the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node, resulting in decreased sinoatrial node autoregulation, slower atrioventricular conduction, and lower ventricular rate. 2. Headache, facial redness and ankle edema (15-20%) due to vasodilatation; accelerated heart rate; also weakness and gastrointestinal reactions, etc. Therefore, the drug should be used from a small dose and gradually increased. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, also known as angiotensin receptor blockers or AT1 receptor antagonists, are a class of drugs that act on the renin-angiotensin system. It is mainly used in the treatment of hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and congestive heart failure. ARBs also rarely cause the dry cough and/or angioedema often associated with ACEI therapy. Representative drugs: various “sartans”, such as: valsartan (Devon), coxsartan (Cosoya), Ambovy, etc. Drug characteristics: the effect is the same as ACEI class, the outstanding advantage is less adverse effects of cough, drug tolerability, and ACEI class as the preferred antihypertensive drugs for diabetic patients. Adverse reactions and side effects: less. When used by pregnant women in the middle and late stages of pregnancy, these drugs, which act directly on the renin-angiotensin system, can cause damage to the developing fetus and even death. When pregnancy is detected, this drug should be discontinued as soon as possible. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are compounds that inhibit the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (EC3.4.15.1). Angiotensin-converting enzyme catalyzes the production of angiotensin II from angiotensin I, a potent vasoconstrictor and activator of adrenocortical aldosterone release. ACEI controls hypertension by inhibiting the biosynthesis of angiotensin II. Representative drugs include: Captopril (Kepoton), Enalapril (Enyalin), Bumipril (Lodinexin), Fosinopril (Mono), Yashida, Dapsone, etc. It can significantly reduce mild and moderate hypertension; combined with other drugs, it also has better antihypertensive efficacy for severe hypertension, especially for patients with vascular stenosis; it has organ-protective effects, especially dual-channel excretion of Lodinexin and Monor, and is suitable for patients with diabetic nephropathy. Adverse reactions and side effects: mainly irritating dry cough, the incidence is about 5-20%, which may be related to the increase of certain substances in the pulmonary vasculature and stimulation of cough reflex. IV. β-blockers β-blockers are a type of drug that selectively binds to β-adrenergic receptors, thus antagonizing the agonistic effect of neurotransmitters and catecholamines on β-receptors. Adrenergic receptors are located on the membranes of most of the effector cells innervated by sympathetic postganglionic fibers, and there are three types of receptors, namely β1 receptors, β2 receptors, and β3 receptors. β1 receptors are mainly distributed in cardiac muscle, which can cause an increase in heart rate and myocardial contractility; β2 receptors are found in bronchial and vascular smooth muscle, which can cause bronchodilation, vasodilation and visceral smooth muscle relaxation; β3 receptors are mainly found in adipocytes, which can cause lipolysis. These effects can be blocked and antagonized by β-blockers. β-blockers are divided into three categories according to their different action characteristics: the first category is non-selective, acting on β1 and β2 receptors, commonly used drugs are propranolol (Takayasu), which is less commonly used; the second category is selective, mainly acting on β1 receptors, commonly used drugs are metoprolol (Betaxolol), atenolol (Ativan), bisoprolol (Convoy) The third category is also non-selective, which can act on both β and α1 receptors, and has peripheral vasodilator effect, commonly used drugs are A Rolol, Carvedilol, Labetalol. The representative drugs are metoprolol, betaxolol, kanco, dallikrein, jinluo, etc. Drug characteristics: it can prevent and treat both hypertension and angina pectoris, especially in patients with myocardial infarction, it can prevent reinfarction; young people with hypertension, fast heart rate and high cardiac output, the drug can significantly slow down the heart rate and lower blood pressure; the reduction of diastolic blood pressure is more obvious than systolic blood pressure, therefore, it is suitable for the treatment of pure diastolic high blood pressure Therefore, it is suitable for the treatment of hypertensive patients with high diastolic blood pressure alone or in combination with other antihypertensive drugs to treat hypertensive patients with high systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Adverse reactions and side effects: bradycardia, atrioventricular block, excessive dose may induce heart failure and asthma; it may also have some effect on blood lipids; the incidence of impotence is about 5%. Therefore, the heart rate should be closely monitored when using the drug to ensure that the heart rate is greater than 60 beats/min. V. Diuretic antihypertensive drugs There are three types. Sulfonamide diuretics (indapamide), and thiazides (hydrochlorothiazide) and tab diuretics (tachyphylaxis). Diuretics can lower blood volume, reduce cardiac output, and lower blood pressure through the effect of sodium, and have a relatively mild hypotensive effect, and can exert a stable hypotensive effect after 2 to 3 weeks of taking the drug. It is especially suitable for elderly people with systolic hypertension and hypertensive patients with combined heart failure. Drug characteristics: It is usually used in combination with other antihypertensive drugs for the treatment of moderate and severe hypertension, and is especially suitable for patients with increased diastolic blood pressure (low pressure) hypertension with high blood volume; thiazide diuretics are used more often. Adverse reactions and side effects: thiazides: mainly have hyperuricemia, so gout is prohibited; renal insufficiency is not suitable for application. Long-term application of large amounts can increase blood sugar, reduce glucose tolerance and increase insulin resistance; elevated blood lipids. Other diuretics can also lead to electrolyte disorders such as hypokalemia. Sixth, commonly used proprietary Chinese medicine To reiterate here, proprietary Chinese medicine or Chinese herbal antihypertensive drugs are only suitable for patients with mildly elevated blood pressure. It is not suitable for patients with severe hypertension, especially those with hypertension III combined with cerebral infarction, heart attack, kidney disease and other states.