For a long time, much emphasis has been placed on medication for children with epilepsy. However, some children with epilepsy are poorly controlled by medication. Surgical removal of epileptic lesions is important for the treatment of epilepsy that has failed to be controlled by medication. The first successful surgical treatment of epilepsy was performed in Horslcy when the identification of intracerebral epileptic foci could only be done by history and neurological examination. Over the past 100 years, methods of identifying and removing intracerebral epileptic foci have improved considerably. Previously, the main focus of foreign research on surgical treatment of epilepsy was focused on adult temporal lobe epilepsy, and 85% of the epilepsy surgical cases reported abroad were temporal lobe resections. The emphasis on surgical treatment of childhood epilepsy is only a recent development. There is a growing recognition that epilepsy in children is distinctly different from adult epilepsy. As a result, many neurosurgical centers specializing in the treatment of childhood epilepsy have sprung up. One of the most important topics of current research is the need for surgical treatment of epilepsy in children. The question of how to properly evaluate the ineffectiveness of drug therapy for epilepsy is fundamental because many of the symptoms of epilepsy in children are different from those in adults, and they occur during important developmental processes in the brain. Clinical trials have demonstrated that children with epilepsy often have better surgical outcomes than adults because of the plasticity of their neural tissue. It should be emphasized that the selection of indications for surgical treatment of epilepsy in children, the use of anesthesia during surgery, and the prevention and treatment of postoperative complications require special expertise. It is often interesting to see in clinical work that the course of epilepsy in children is very different from that in adults, either more benign or more severe than in adults. For example, epilepsy caused by simple fever in children generally has no long-term effects on the child’s development. The current debate about the treatment of this type of febrile epilepsy is not about which medication is best, but rather about the need for long-term antiepileptic drugs. A potentially serious consequence of febrile epilepsy is aphasic seizures, which do not usually interfere with the child’s daily life. However, if seizures are frequent they can interfere with their studies. In children with frequent seizures, antiepileptic drugs should be given for a long time and will mostly bring the epilepsy under effective control, and aphasic seizures in children often end spontaneously in young adulthood. More serious consequences than atonic seizures include complex epilepsy and infantile spasms. In these epilepsies, drug therapy is often ineffective, and surgical treatment can provide better results.